One-pot polymerization of monolith coated stir bar for high efficient sorptive extraction of perfluoroalkyl acids from environmental water samples followed by high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry detection

Weak anion-exchange mixed-mode materials to selectively extract acidic compounds by stir bar sorptive extraction from environmental waters

“…They were developed by introducing ionic moieties into a polymeric or silica backbone to specifically interact with ionizable compounds by ion-exchange groups (amines for anion exchange, and carboxylic acids and sulfonic acids for cation exchange) maintaining the reversed-phase interactions. Thus, four main groups exist: strong anion-exchange (SAX), strong cation-exchange (SCX), weak anion-exchange (WAX) and weak cation-exchange (WCX) [23][24][25]. So far, these mixed-mode ion-exchange materials have been mainly developed both commercially and in-house prepared as sorbents for solid-phase extraction (SPE).…”

“…Nevertheless, recently, in-house materials for other sorptive techniques such as SPME or SBSE have been also introduced [26]. For instance, Yao et al [25] achieved great retention for perfluoroalkyl acids using an in-house mixed-mode ion-exchange stir bar, a poly(1-vinylimidazole-ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate) (poly(VI-EDMA)) monolith material. Successful recoveries were achieved with the novel material when determining the acidic analytes in surface water samples.…”

“…In another study, Huang et al [27] performed a strong cation-exchange stir bar based on poly-(methacrylic acid-3-sulfopropyl ester potassium salt-co-divinylbenzene) with sulfonic groups to determine satisfactorily nitroimidazoles in honey. So far, most of the in-house ion-exchange mixedmode materials for SBSE are strong exchangers with quaternary amines or sulfonic acids as functional groups [25][26][27][28].…”

3D printed spinning cup-shaped device for immunoaffinity solid-phase extraction of diclofenac in wastewaters

“…SBSE is commonly composed of a polydimethylsiloxane film, coated onto a glass jacket with an incorporated magnet core, in a cylindrical or disk shape [ 7 – 9 ]. The scientific community has recently introduced novel SBSE coatings to exploit more selective materials, such as molecularly imprinted polymers [ 10 , 11 ], metal organic frameworks [ 12 , 13 ], carbonaceous materials [ 14 , 15 ] and polymer monoliths [ 16 ]. However, the use of highly selective biomaterials such as antibodies (Abs) [ 17 ] or aptamers [ 18 , 19 ] has been only occasionally used.…”