“…These compounds have been developed with various methods such as using: non-ionic surfactant in aqueous media, 9 catalyst-free conditions in dichloromethane, 10 InCl 3 in toluene, 11,12 chlorosulfonic acid, 13 TiO 2 nanocatalyst, 14 catalyst-free in ethanol solvent, 15 {[1,4-DHPyrazine][C(CN) 3 ] 2 } as a new nanostructured molten salt (NMS) catalyst, 16 catalyst-free in CH 2 Cl 2 (ref. 17), [Et 3 NH][HSO 4 ] ionic liquid, 18 Fe 3 O 4 @ZrO 2 /SO 4 −2 heterogeneous nanocatalyst in CH 3 CN, 19 β-cyclodextrin based nanosponge in ethanol, 20 free-catalyst in CH 3 CN, 21 nano crystalline ZnO, 22 NaOH. 23 However, most of these methods rely on multistep reactions and complex synthetic pathways with prolonged reaction times, low yields, expensive and harsh reaction conditions, as well as toxic catalysts.…”