One-step production of biodiesel through simultaneous esterification and transesterification from highly acidic unrefined feedstock over efficient and recyclable ZnO nanostar catalyst

Kwong, Tsz‐Lung; Yung, Ka Fu

doi:10.1016/j.renene.2016.01.028

Cited by 35 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Among the various alternative catalysts [19,20], zinc oxide received much attention due to its cheap, non-toxic, thermally stable, and amphoteric properties [21][22][23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

ZnO/Ionic Liquid Catalyzed Biodiesel Production from Renewable and Waste Lipids as Feedstocks

et al. 2019

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A new protocol for biodiesel production is proposed, based on a binary ZnO/TBAI (TBAI = tetrabutylammonium iodide) catalytic system. Zinc oxide acts as a heterogeneous, bifunctional Lewis acid/base catalyst, while TBAI plays the role of phase transfer agent. Being composed by the bulk form powders, the whole catalyst system proved to be easy to use, without requiring nano-structuration or tedious and costly preparation or pre-activation procedures. In addition, due to the amphoteric properties of ZnO, the catalyst can simultaneously promote transesterification and esterification processes, thus becoming applicable to common vegetable oils (e.g., soybean, jatropha, linseed, etc.) and animal fats (lard and fish oil), but also to waste lipids such as cooking oils (WCOs), highly acidic lipids from oil industry processing, and lipid fractions of municipal sewage sludge. Reusability of the catalyst system together with kinetic (Ea) and thermodynamic parameters of activation (ΔG‡ and ΔH‡) are also studied for transesterification reaction.

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“…Among the various alternative catalysts [19,20], zinc oxide received much attention due to its cheap, non-toxic, thermally stable, and amphoteric properties [21][22][23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

ZnO/Ionic Liquid Catalyzed Biodiesel Production from Renewable and Waste Lipids as Feedstocks

et al. 2019

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“…Recentemente observou-se óxidos (Ex. : CaO, ZnO), quando utilizados como catalisadores de transesterificação de óleos e gorduras se transformam in situ no respectivos glicerolatos lamelares, [81][82][83][84][85] os quais são isolados após a reação. Considerando que o processo de calcinação de HDL e HSL gera óxidos nanoestruturados que têm aplicação como catalisadores, é bastante provável que a conversão aos glicerolatos também ocorra para os HDLs e HSLs calcinados.…”

Section: Catalisadores Lamelaresunclassified

Biodiesel: Raw Materials, Production Technologies and Fuel Properties

Ramos

2017

Rev. Virtual Quim.

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The entire biodiesel production chain developed tremendously in regions all over the world and this biofuel has established itself as one of the main alternatives to replace petroleumderived fuels. Several studies have already demonstrated its compatibility with diesel oil and the international standards have evolved to ensure safety and satisfaction to the end-users. Although already losing priority in stronger economies such as United States, Germany and France, this production chain is still expanding considerably in emerging economies such as Brazil, where it has been established as a project of great scientific, technological, political and economic interests. In this article, important aspects of the biodiesel production and use are revised in detail, particularly in relation to the availability of suitable raw materials in large scale as well as to the chemistry involved in the technologies available to date for its conversion to biofuels that are fully compatible with diesel fuel applications.

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“…Recently, zinc oxide (ZnO) nanostar, synthesized by the microwave-assisted surfactant free hydrolysis method was applied as the catalyst for biodiesel synthesis through one-step simultaneous esterification and transesterification from high free fatty acid by Kwong et al [118]. The author reported that the ZnO nanostar catalyst showed high stability and robustness at the end of the reaction, providing a biodiesel yield of 97.3% via simultaneous esterification and transesterification in low grade feedstock like waste cooking oil and crude plant oils.…”

Section: -mentioning

confidence: 99%

Bifunctional Heterogeneous Catalysts for Biodiesel Production using Low Cost Feedstocks: A Future Perspective

Ramli¹,

Farooq²,

Akhtar³

et al. 2017

Frontiers in Bioenergy and Biofuels

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Currently, the fossil fuel sources are the major contributors to the world's energy mix. However, these conventional energy sources are depleting very fast due to their finite nature and extensive uses. An addition to their finite nature, environmental problems related to their uses are getting progressively worse and worse, initiating challenging debates for scientific communities. Biodiesel, a renewable fuel, has shown promising prospects due to its strong socioeconomic benefits and motivations in most of the countries of the world. Bifunctional heterogeneous catalysts are strongly recommended for biodiesel production from different feedstocks to simplify the process. This review highlights the challenges and opportunities associated with the heterogeneous catalysts and some recommendations to design an efficient bifunctional heterogeneous catalyst for economical biodiesel production from waste cooking oil.

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One-step production of biodiesel through simultaneous esterification and transesterification from highly acidic unrefined feedstock over efficient and recyclable ZnO nanostar catalyst

Cited by 35 publications

References 39 publications

ZnO/Ionic Liquid Catalyzed Biodiesel Production from Renewable and Waste Lipids as Feedstocks

ZnO/Ionic Liquid Catalyzed Biodiesel Production from Renewable and Waste Lipids as Feedstocks

Biodiesel: Raw Materials, Production Technologies and Fuel Properties

Bifunctional Heterogeneous Catalysts for Biodiesel Production using Low Cost Feedstocks: A Future Perspective

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