One year measurements of vertical profiles of wind speed and wind direction from 40 to 500 m at Heligoland, German Bight, North Sea, Germany

Rausch, Thomas; Schuchard, Malte; Cañadillas, Beatriz; Lampert, Astrid

doi:10.1594/pangaea.924184

2020

DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.924184

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One year measurements of vertical profiles of wind speed and wind direction from 40 to 500 m at Heligoland, German Bight, North Sea, Germany

Thomas Rausch¹,

Malte Schuchard²,

Beatriz Cañadillas³

et al.

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2022

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Cited by 2 publications

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“…Data Availability Statement: Lidar data of the Heligoland site are publicly available at PAN-GAEA [68]. Lidar data of the Norderney site will be published at PANGAEA in the same way at the end of the X-Wakes project.…”

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Wind Lidar and Radiosonde Measurements of Low-Level Jets in Coastal Areas of the German Bight

et al. 2022

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For wind energy, the knowledge of the available wind resource is essential. Therefore, specific wind phenomena at the altitude range of wind turbines are currently the focus of investigations. One such specific feature is the low-level jet (LLJ). The article analyses LLJ properties at two locations in the German Bight: A wind lidar system for measuring wind profiles at heights from 50 m to 500 m a.g.l. (above ground level) was first installed at the offshore island of Heligoland, Germany, and then at the coastal island of Norderney, Germany, for one year. The LLJ is defined here as a maximum horizontal wind speed in the vertical profile of horizontal wind speed followed by a minimum wind speed, independent of the mechanism or origin of the phenomenon. The two sites showed a similar annual and diurnal distribution of LLJ events with a maximum occurrence in spring and summer and during the night, and a most frequent jet core height of around 120 m a.g.l. Based on radiosondes launched from Norderney at midnight and noon, it is shown that LLJ events at noon are most frequent when atmospheric conditions are stable. A case study shows the horizontal extent of an LLJ event over at least 100 km by simultaneous wind lidar measurements at four sites in the German Bight and mesoscale simulations with the weather research and forecast (WRF) model.

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Wind Lidar and Radiosonde Measurements of Low-Level Jets in Coastal Areas of the German Bight

et al. 2022

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Study of Coastal Effects Relevant for Offshore Wind Energy Using Spaceborne Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)

2022

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Coastal wind speed gradients relevant for offshore windfarming are analysed based on synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data. The study concentrates on situations with offshore wind directions in the German Bight using SAR scenes from the European satellites Sentinel-1A and Sentinel-1B. High resolution wind fields at 10 m height are derived from the satellite data set and respective horizontal wind speed gradients are investigated up to about 170 km offshore. The wind speed gradients are classified according to their general shape with about 60% of the cases showing an overall increase of wind speeds with growing distance from the coast. About half of the remaining cases show an overall wind speed decrease and the other half a decrease with a subsequent increase at larger distances from the coast. An empirical model is fitted to the horizontal wind speed gradients, which has three main parameters, namely, the wind speed over land, the equilibrium wind speed over sea far offshore, and a characteristic adjustment length scale. For the cases with overall wind speed increase, a mean absolute difference of about 2.6 m/s is found between wind speeds over land and wind speeds far offshore. The mean normalised wind speed increase with respect to the land conditions is estimated as 40%. In terms of wind power density at 10 m height this corresponds to an absolute average growth by 0.3 kW/m2 and a normalised increase by 160%. The distance over which the wind speed grows to 95% of the maximum wind speed shows large variations with maximum above 170 km and a mean of 67 km. The impact of the atmospheric boundary layer stability on horizontal wind speed gradients is investigated using additional information on air and sea temperature differences. The absolute SAR-derived wind speed increase offshore is usually higher in unstable situations and the respective adjustment distance is shorter. Furthermore, we have found atypical cases with a wind speed decrease offshore to be often connected to stable atmospheric conditions. A particular low-level jet (LLJ) situation is analysed in more detail using vertical wind speed profiles from a wind LIDAR system.

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One year measurements of vertical profiles of wind speed and wind direction from 40 to 500 m at Heligoland, German Bight, North Sea, Germany

Cited by 2 publications

References 0 publications

Wind Lidar and Radiosonde Measurements of Low-Level Jets in Coastal Areas of the German Bight

Wind Lidar and Radiosonde Measurements of Low-Level Jets in Coastal Areas of the German Bight

Study of Coastal Effects Relevant for Offshore Wind Energy Using Spaceborne Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)

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