Online monitoring of biofilm growth and activity using a combined multi-channel impedimetric and amperometric sensor

Simultaneous monitoring of Staphylococcus aureus growth in a multi-parametric microfluidic platform using microscopy and impedance spectroscopy

“…Both impedance and microscopy images conveyed the same results and were in good agreement with the timings and relative changes published in the literature [49]. The novel four-electrode based measurements confirmed an improvement in detecting biofilm formation compared to the two-electrode technique as shown by the 5% increased sensitivity, in part because the effect of the electrode-electrolyte was excluded from the measurement and the IDuE was optimized.…”

Online monitoring of biofouling using coaxial stub resonator technique

“…Of all the different detection technologies to track biofouling, actuators that are either acoustic [21], optical [22] or electromagnetic [23] in nature are most reliable and most sensitive [10,24]. A drawback of all these devices is however that the actual detector required is rather expensive whether that is e.g., an optical sensor [25], an analyser for scattering (S) parameters [18] or an impedance analyser [26].…”

Waveguide evanescent field scattering microscopy: bacterial biofilms and their sterilization response via UV irradiation

“…However, the precise measurement of bacterial adhesion to surfaces are difficult and time consuming because bacterial cells typically occur on the micrometerscale and their adhesion forces are generally low typically 0.1-100 nN [8]. Recent studies on the detection of bacteria on surfaces have focused on imaging systems such as optical [9] and fluorescent microscopy [10] to image the bacteria themselves or luminescence measurement of the presence of cells by ATP (adenosine triphosphate) detection systems [11]. Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) sensors [12], Nucleic Acid Detection [13], Optical Waveguide Lightmode Spectroscopy [14], Optical Leaky Waveguide Sensors [15], and Evanescent Mode Fiber Optic Sensors [16] have also been applied in order to detect biochemical toxins as signatures of bacteria.…”