Online optimization of energy management strategy for FCV control parameters considering dual power source lifespan decay synergy

Lu, Dagang; Yi, Fengyan; Hu, Donghai; Li, Jianwei; Wang, Jing

doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2023.121516

Cited by 31 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…In smart grid and modern power network models, efficient power delivery to the wheel relies significantly on the importance and need of smart energy management for the DER, such as PV, fuel cell-battery, and electric vehicle [7]. Online improvement of energy management for the grid control settings is important [8]. Therefore, the power systems industry is now experiencing a significant transformation due to the incorporation of advanced technologies, namely in the areas of smart PV inverters, protection, and cyberphysical security.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smart Grid Resilience for Grid-Connected PV and Protection Systems under Cyber Threats

Alasali,

Itradat,

Abu Ghalyon

et al. 2023

Smart Cities

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In recent years, the integration of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) and communication networks has presented significant challenges to power system control and protection, primarily as a result of the emergence of smart grids and cyber threats. As the use of grid-connected solar Photovoltaic (PV) systems continues to increase with the use of intelligent PV inverters, the susceptibility of these systems to cyber attacks and their potential impact on grid stability emerges as a critical concern based on the inverter control models. This study explores the cyber-threat consequences of selectively targeting the components of PV systems, with a special focus on the inverter and Overcurrent Protection Relay (OCR). This research also evaluates the interconnectedness between these two components under different cyber-attack scenarios. A three-phase radial Electromagnetic Transients Program (EMTP) is employed for grid modeling and transient analysis under different cyber attacks. The findings of our analysis highlight the complex relationship between vulnerabilities in inverters and relays, emphasizing the consequential consequences of affecting one of the components on the other. In addition, this work aims to evaluate the impact of cyber attacks on the overall performance and stability of grid-connected PV systems. For example, in the attack on the PV inverters, the OCR failed to identify and eliminate the fault during a pulse signal attack with a short duration of 0.1 s. This resulted in considerable harmonic distortion and substantial power losses as a result of the protection system’s failure to recognize and respond to the irregular attack signal. Our study provides significant contributions to the understanding of cybersecurity in grid-connected solar PV systems. It highlights the importance of implementing improved protective measures and resilience techniques in response to the changing energy environment towards smart grids.

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Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smart Grid Resilience for Grid-Connected PV and Protection Systems under Cyber Threats

Alasali,

Itradat,

Abu Ghalyon

et al. 2023

Smart Cities

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“…On this basis, we are able to optimize the fuel cell energy management system to reduce hydrogen consumption and minimize the large fluctuation of the fuel cell output power to prolong its life. The research purpose can be summarized as Formula (12):…”

Section: Problem Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…EMS is a key technology for fuel cell buses, and its role is to rationally distribute the power of fuel cells and power cells through the current vehicle state to improve vehicle driving efficiency and energy consumption economy [12,13]. At present, scholars have conducted much research on EMS for fuel cell buses, and research methods include rulebased EMS [14], optimization-based EMS [15] and learning-based EMS [16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Research on Energy Management of Hydrogen Fuel Cell Bus Based on Deep Reinforcement Learning Considering Velocity Control

Shen,

Zhou,

Zhang

et al. 2023

Sustainability

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In the vehicle-to-everything scenario, the fuel cell bus can accurately obtain the surrounding traffic information, and quickly optimize the energy management problem while controlling its own safe and efficient driving. This paper proposes an energy management strategy (EMS) that considers speed control based on deep reinforcement learning (DRL) in complex traffic scenarios. Using SUMO simulation software (Version 1.15.0), a two-lane urban expressway is designed as a traffic scenario, and a hydrogen fuel cell bus speed control and energy management system is designed through the soft actor–critic (SAC) algorithm to effectively reduce the equivalent hydrogen consumption and fuel cell output power fluctuation while ensuring the safe, efficient and smooth driving of the vehicle. Compared with the SUMO–IDM car-following model, the average speed of vehicles is kept the same, and the average acceleration and acceleration change value decrease by 10.22% and 11.57% respectively. Compared with deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG), the average speed is increased by 1.18%, and the average acceleration and acceleration change value are decreased by 4.82% and 5.31% respectively. In terms of energy management, the hydrogen consumption of SAC–OPT-based energy management strategy reaches 95.52% of that of the DP algorithm, and the fluctuation range is reduced by 32.65%. Compared with SAC strategy, the fluctuation amplitude is reduced by 15.29%, which effectively improves the durability of fuel cells.

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“…In the hydrogen jet stage shown in Figure , low- and high-pressure regions of hydrogen are involved inside the FCVs and HRSs. Before the hydrogen is delivered to the fuel cell for chemical reaction, it is adjusted to a suitably low pressure through a depressurization device. , Subsonic jets in fuel cells occur due to microcracks or damage to internal gaskets, membrane electrode assemblies, and runner plates due to prolonged operation, exposure to high temperatures, or stimulation by chemical reactions; the high complexity of the hydrogen storage system, which contains a variety of valves and piping to ensure that the internal high-pressure hydrogen, can be safely transported and stored . However, with hydrogen embrittlement, aging, or mechanical damage to the materials of the hydrogen storage system, the high-pressure hydrogen inside is prone to leakage from the internal seals of the valves and the interface gaps between the valves and the piping, consequently generating underexpanded jets from the hydrogen storage system.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comprehensive Review of Hydrogen Leakage in Relation to Fuel Cell Vehicles and Hydrogen Refueling Stations: Status, Challenges, and Future Prospects

Hu,

Gao,

Cheng

et al. 2024

Energy Fuels

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As fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) are increasingly put on the market and hydrogen refueling stations (HRSs) are built accordingly, fatal accidents caused by explosion due to hydrogen leakage are reported and have become a critical issue. The explosion results from complicated processes associated with the so-called hydrogen jet and diffusion when the hydrogen leaks from FCVs or HRSs, demonstrating its sophisticated characteristics and presenting significant technical challenges. Recently, particularly in the past a few years, researchers have established a variety of theoretical models to reveal the relevant mechanisms and introduced a series of monitoring/diagnostic approaches to detect and control the relevant hazards. This comprehensive review summarizes the major research outcomes and particularly the state-of-the-art progresses in relation to hydrogen leakage in FCVs and HRSs, including (1) subsonic jets, (2) underexpanded jets, (3) hydrogen diffusion behavior, (4) hazard reduction methods for confined and free spaces, (5) four types of widely used hydrogen detection technologies, and (6) the application of hydrogen leakage diagnostic methods in different systems. An insight of the review is that research on hydrogen leakage related to FCVs and HRSs should be combined with the relevant realistic characteristics. The characteristics of hydrogen jets generated in real gaps are discussed, and hazard reduction methods are proposed based on the characteristics of hydrogen diffusion in different confined and free spaces. It is suggested that, in order to integrate and evaluate multiple sensor data points and more accurately determine the leakage location and the leakage level, artificial intelligence technologies could be introduced to resolve the issues encountered currently.

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Online optimization of energy management strategy for FCV control parameters considering dual power source lifespan decay synergy

Cited by 31 publications

References 38 publications

Smart Grid Resilience for Grid-Connected PV and Protection Systems under Cyber Threats

Smart Grid Resilience for Grid-Connected PV and Protection Systems under Cyber Threats

Research on Energy Management of Hydrogen Fuel Cell Bus Based on Deep Reinforcement Learning Considering Velocity Control

Comprehensive Review of Hydrogen Leakage in Relation to Fuel Cell Vehicles and Hydrogen Refueling Stations: Status, Challenges, and Future Prospects

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