“…The relevance of these aspects is also emphasised by Braglia et al (2018): "one distinctive, and contemporarily appealing, feature of OEE with respect to other analogous KPIs is that it provides a breakdown structure for process losses that simplifies the task of evaluating the current performance and, at the same time, individuates both the source of losses and the corresponding remedy". In this sense, it is a crucial indicator used for short-term and long-term decision making (Wudhikarn, 2011): the use of this KPI can help management to unleash hidden capacity, eliminate waste, reduce overtime expenditures, decrease process variability, allow deferral of major capital investment (Muchiri and Pintelon, 2008;Yuan et al, 2021), and reduce the cost of ownership (Wudhikarn, 2011). Therefore, OEE continuously focuses the plant on the concept of zero-waste (Badiger and Gandhinathan, 2008) and is a partnership between maintenance and production functions in the organisations (Singh et al, 2021).…”