Onset of exciton-exciton annihilation in single-layer black phosphorus

Surrente, Alessandro; Mitioglu, Anatolie; Gałkowski, Krzysztof; Kłopotowski, Ł.; Tabiś, Wojciech; Vignolle, Baptiste; Maude, D. K.; Plochocka, P.

doi:10.1103/physrevb.94.075425

Cited by 49 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Selective excitonic emission can lead to opportunities for manipulation of light polarization that is unavailable in other 2D materials. However, under high excitation conditions, exciton–exciton annihilation can limit injection density reducing quantum yield . Anisotropic thermal conductivity due to phonon dispersion was first reported by Luo et al Phonon modes can be tuned by application of strain .…”

Section: Stable Anisotropic Electronic and Quasiparticle Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Progress on Stability and Passivation of Black Phosphorus

et al. 2018

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From a fundamental science perspective, black phosphorus (BP) is a canonical example of a material that possesses fascinating surface and electronic properties. It has extraordinary in-plane anisotropic electrical, optical, and vibrational states, as well as a tunable band gap. However, instability of the surface due to chemical degradation in ambient conditions remains a major impediment to its prospective applications. Early studies were limited by the degradation of black phosphorous surfaces in air. Recently, several robust strategies have been developed to mitigate these issues, and these novel developments can potentially allow researchers to exploit the extraordinary properties of this material and devices made out of it. Here, the fundamental chemistry of BP degradation and the tremendous progress made to address this issue are extensively reviewed. Device performances of encapsulated BP are also compared with nonencapsulated BP. In addition, BP possesses sensitive anisotropic photophysical surface properties such as excitons, surface plasmons/phonons, and topologically protected and Dirac semi-metallic surface states. Ambient degradation as well as any passivation method used to protect the surface could affect the intrinsic surface properties of BP. These properties and the extent of their modifications by both the degradation and passivation are reviewed.

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Section: Stable Anisotropic Electronic and Quasiparticle Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Progress on Stability and Passivation of Black Phosphorus

et al. 2018

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“…From several linear and nonlinear steady-state and time-resolved PL studies 5,[41][42][43][44][45][46] utilizing high intensity femtosecond (fs) pulsed lasers, we demonstrate the existence of two distinctly different excitons. These studies further reveal many interesting results such as structurally sensitive excitons, dark exciton non-radiative states and exciton-exciton annihilation processes 41,47,48 . We finally conclude that two-photon induced exciton PL probing is highly sensitive to the self-assembly process restricted by layer arrangement, crystal packing and local environment.…”

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confidence: 95%

Linear and nonlinear optical probing of various excitons in 2D inorganic-organic hybrid structures

Adnan

Baumberg

Prakash

2020

Sci Rep

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Nonlinear optical properties, such as two-(or multi-) photon absorption (2PA), are of special interest for technologically important applications in fast optical switching, in vivo imaging and so on. Highly intense infrared ultrashort pulses probe deep into samples and reveal several underlying structural perturbations (inter-layer distortions, intra-layer crumpling) and also provide information about new excited states and their relaxation. naturally self-assembled inorganic-organic multiple quantum wells (io-MQWs) show utility from room-temperature exciton emission features (binding energies ~200-250 meV). These Mott type excitons are highly sensitive to the self-assembly process, inorganic network distortions, thickness and inter-layer distortions of these soft two-dimensional (2D) and weak van der Waal layered hybrids. We demonstrate strong room-temperature nonlinear excitation intensity dependent two-photon absorption induced exciton photoluminescence (2PA-PL) from these IO-MQWs, excited by infrared femtosecond laser pulses. Strongly confined excitons show distinctly different one-and two-photon excited photoluminescence energies: from free-excitons (2.41 eV) coupled to the perfectly aligned MQWs and from energy down-shifted excitons (2.33 eV) that originate from the locally crumpled layered architecture. High intensity femtosecond induced pL from one-photon absorption (1PA-PL) suggests saturation of absorption and exciton-exciton annihilation, with typical reduction in PL radiative relaxation times from 270 ps to 190 ps upon increasing excitation intensities. From a wide range of IR excitation tuning, the origin of 2PA-PL excitation is suggested to arise from exciton dark states which extend below the bandgap. Observed two-photon absorption coefficients (β ~75 cm/ GW) and two-photon excitation cross-sections (η 2 σ 2 ~ 110GM), further support the evidence for 2PA excitation origin. Both 1PA-and 2PA-PL spatial mappings over large areas of single crystal platelets demonstrate the coexistence of both free and deep-level crumpled excitons with some traces of defectinduced trap state emission. We conclude that the two-photon absorption induced pL is highly sensitive to the self-assembly process of few to many mono layers, the crystal packing and deep level defects. This study paves a way to tailor the nonlinear properties of many 2D material classes. Our results thus open new avenues for exploring fundamental phenomena and novel optoelectronic applications using layered inorganic-organic and other metal organic frameworks. High intensity ultrashort laser pulses interact with nanomaterials to produce fascinating parametric and nonparametric nonlinear optical phenomena such as two-photon (or multi-photon) absorption 1 , harmonic generation 2 , coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) 3 , excited state absorption and ultrafast charge carrier dynamics 4,5. Studies of two-(or multi-) photon absorption in layered materials (such as graphene oxide, MoS 2 type transition-metal dichalcogenides) 6-11 have given new in...

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“…semiconductor, BP can be expected to form excitons due to the nonequilibrium electron and hole population after optical pumping and hence to condensate the excitonic e-h state. Very recently, several research groups have studied the carrier dynamics and anisotropic dynamical response in bulk and few layer BP by using pump-probe transmission and reflection measurements [20][21][22][23][24].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prolonged photo-carriers generated in a massive-and-anisotropic Dirac material

Nurmamat

Ishida

Yori

et al. 2018

Sci Rep

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Transient electron-hole pairs generated in semiconductors can exhibit unconventional excitonic condensation. Anisotropy in the carrier mass is considered as the key to elongate the life time of the pairs, and hence to stabilize the condensation. Here we employ time- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy to explore the dynamics of photo-generated carriers in black phosphorus. The electronic structure above the Fermi level has been successfully observed, and a massive-and-anisotropic Dirac-type dispersions are confirmed; more importantly, we directly observe that the photo-carriers generated across the direct band gap have the life time exceeding 400 ps. Our finding confirms that black phosphorus is a suitable platform for excitonic condensations, and also open an avenue for future applications in broadband mid-infrared BP-based optoelectronic devices.

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Onset of exciton-exciton annihilation in single-layer black phosphorus

Cited by 49 publications

References 43 publications

Recent Progress on Stability and Passivation of Black Phosphorus

Recent Progress on Stability and Passivation of Black Phosphorus

Linear and nonlinear optical probing of various excitons in 2D inorganic-organic hybrid structures

Prolonged photo-carriers generated in a massive-and-anisotropic Dirac material

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