Onshore to Offshore Ground‐Surface and Seabed Rupture of the Jordan–Kekerengu–Needles Fault Network during the 2016 Mw 7.8 Kaikōura Earthquake, New Zealand

Kearse, Jesse; Little, Timothy A.; Dissen, R. J. Van; Barnes, Philip M.; Langridge, Robert; Mountjoy, Joshu; Ries, W.; Villamor, Pilar; Clark, Kate; Benson, Adrian; Lamarche, Geoffroy; Hill, Matthew; Hemphill‐Haley, Mark

doi:10.1785/0120170304

Cited by 46 publications

(83 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…For our analyses, we scaled our slip measurements in proportion to the net slip, such that larger net displacement values are more represented than smaller ones. Generally, our kinematic orientation measurements (summarized for each fault in Figure S3) reflect the broader deformation patterns shown in Figure and agree with broad‐scale field observations of deformation and uplift (Clark et al, ; Kearse et al, ; Langridge et al, ; Litchfield et al, ; Nicol et al, ; Stirling et al, ; Williams et al, ). Deviations from the overall fault plane attitudes and kinematics stem primarily from local fault structural complexities, such as restraining or releasing bends and steps, which occur at all observable length scales (≤100 to >10 km).…”

Section: Methods and Observationssupporting

confidence: 84%

“…These measurements allow us to determine the kinematics of the ruptured faults and in turn assess the kinematic consistency between the 2016 earthquake and long‐term patterns of fault deformation expressed in the landscape. Furthermore, our data allowed an opportunity to compare OIC‐derived estimates of near‐field (distributed and localized) displacement along the Kekerengu fault rupture, with detailed published field measurements of fault‐parallel slip (Kearse et al, ) to reveal patterns of fault slip localization and distributed off‐fault deformation (OFD). Highly detailed documentation of the near‐field displacement pattern is crucial for understanding the physics of how faults slip, as well as informing models of dynamic fault rupture.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Debate remains as to what role the subduction megathrust fault played in the earthquake, though it is generally presumed that it, or some other deep thrust fault, contributed to the overall moment release and likely aided rupture propagation through the complex network of faults (Bai et al, ; Cesca et al, ; Clark et al, ; Duputel & Rivera, ; Hamling et al, ; Hollingsworth et al, ; Litchfield et al, ; Wang et al, ). Immediately following the 14 November mainshock, teams of field geologists began measuring surface deformation resulting from the rupture (Clark et al, ; Kearse et al, ; Langridge et al, ; Litchfield et al, ; Nicol et al, ; Stirling et al, ; Williams et al, ). These measurements provide key insights into the spatial distribution, kinematics, and complexity of slip in the event.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…CR is Chatham Rise. Red faults show our mapping of the ground‐surface (or shallow subsurface) rupture in the 2016 earthquake based on gradients in our correlation maps; the Needles fault ruptured the seafloor (Kearse et al, ) but is not considered here. Black star is the epicenter of the 14 November 2016 mainshock (Nicol et al, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Three‐Dimensional Surface Deformation in the 2016 M_W7.8 Kaikōura, New Zealand, Earthquake From Optical Image Correlation: Implications for Strain Localization and Long‐Term Evolution of the Pacific‐Australian Plate Boundary

Zinke

Hollingsworth

Dolan

et al. 2019

Geochem Geophys Geosyst

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We generated dense, high‐resolution 3‐D ground displacement maps for the 2016 MW 7.8 Kaikōura, New Zealand earthquake—the most geometrically and kinematically complex rupture yet recorded—from stereo WorldView optical satellite imagery using a new methodology that combines subpixel image correlation with a ray‐tracing approach. Our analysis reveals fundamental new details of near‐field displacement patterns, which cannot easily be obtained through other methods. From our detailed correlation maps, we measured fault slip in 3‐D along 19 faults at 500‐m spacing. Minimum resolvable horizontal slip is ~0.1 m, and vertical is ~0.5 m. Net slip measurements range from <1 to ~12 m. System‐level kinematic analysis shows that slip on faults north of the Hope fault was oriented primarily subparallel to the Pacific‐Australian plate motion direction. In contrast, slip on faults to the south was primarily at high angle to the plate motion and secondarily parallel to plate motion. Fault kinematics are in some locations consistent with long‐term uplift patterns, but inconsistent in others. Deformation within the Seaward Kaikōura Range may indicate an attempt by the plate boundary fault system to geometrically simplify. Comparison of published field measurements along the Kekerengu fault with our correlation‐derived measurements reveals that ~36% of surface displacement was accommodated as distributed off‐fault deformation when considering only field measurements of discrete slip. Comparatively, field measurements that project previously linear features (e.g., fence lines) into the fault over apertures >5–100 m capture nearly all (~90%) of the surface deformation.

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Section: Methods and Observationssupporting

confidence: 84%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Three‐Dimensional Surface Deformation in the 2016 M_W7.8 Kaikōura, New Zealand, Earthquake From Optical Image Correlation: Implications for Strain Localization and Long‐Term Evolution of the Pacific‐Australian Plate Boundary

Zinke

Hollingsworth

Dolan

et al. 2019

Geochem Geophys Geosyst

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“…The third is less than 200 m from another clear NW side up offset. The region in which net slip uplifts the SE side of the Kekerengu Fault is thus much smaller than that depicted by Kearse et al ().…”

Section: Validation Of 3‐d Coseismic Displacementsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Three‐Dimensional Surface Displacements During the 2016 M_W 7.8 Kaikōura Earthquake (New Zealand) From Photogrammetry‐Derived Point Clouds

et al. 2020

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High-resolution, three-dimensional (3-D) measurements of surface displacements during earthquakes can provide constraints on fault geometry and near-surface slip and also quantify on-fault and off-fault deformation. However, measurements of surface displacements are often hampered by a lack of high-resolution preearthquake elevation data, such as lidar. For example, preearthquake lidar for the 2016 M W 7.8 Kaikōura, New Zealand, earthquake only covers ≲10% of~180 km of mapped surface ruptures.To overcome a lack of preearthquake lidar, we measure 3-D coseismic displacements during the Kaikōura earthquake using point clouds generated from aerial photographs. From these point clouds, which cover the whole area of the 2016 surface ruptures, it is possible to measure 3-D displacements to within ±0.2 m. We measure coseismic slip and estimate the geometries of faults in the steep, inaccessible Seaward Kaikōura mountains, where postearthquake field observations are very sparse. The Jordan Fault (previously the Jordan Thrust) ruptured in 2016 as a moderate-to-steeply dipping (~50-80°), predominantly strike-slip fault. Slip on this fault in 2016-which included a normal-sense component in some areas-contrasts with field observations that indicate significant longer-term shortening across the Jordan Fault during the Holocene. It is therefore likely that different earthquakes on the Jordan Fault have very different slip vectors and that the fault does not exhibit "characteristic" slip behavior. For faults like the Jordan Fault, long-term time-averaged estimates of slip rate may not be reliable indicators of the sense and magnitude of slip in individual earthquakes.

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Surface slip variability on strike‐slip faults

Reitman

Mueller

Tucker

2022

Earth Surf Processes Landf

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Slip in strike-slip earthquakes is spatially variable along a fault, but the degree to which variability over short length scales is inherent to the rupture process or introduced by interpretation and measurement has not been quantified. In this study, we examine the effects of interpretation error on apparent short-wavelength variability in surface slip distributions by comparing numerical landscape evolution models and recent ruptures on strike-slip faults measured by hand and with image correlation.Surface slip distributions measured by hand from 63 strike-slip earthquakes have average spatial variability (CV slip-spatial = standard deviation/mean) of 0.43-0.52, and a total range of 0.14-1.14. Displacement measurements of offset geomorphic markers from numerical models that simulate constant slip along a fault have average spatial variability of $0.25-0.40 when measured by hand and no spatial variability when measured by image correlation. Slip distributions from seven recent ruptures measured by image correlation have short-wavelength variability of 0.09-0.29, which is considered inherent to how rupture propagates to the surface. Our results demonstrate that variability innate to the rupture process and introduced by interpretation both contribute substantially to the observed variability in slip distributions measured by hand. Resolving the extent to which short-wavelength variability is inherent to rupture propagation through near-surface material versus an artifact of interpretation furthers understanding of the relationship between surface rupture and fault mechanics and informs interpretation of slip distribution and slip-per-event in past earthquakes.

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Onshore to Offshore Ground‐Surface and Seabed Rupture of the Jordan–Kekerengu–Needles Fault Network during the 2016 Mw 7.8 Kaikōura Earthquake, New Zealand

Cited by 46 publications

References 50 publications

Three‐Dimensional Surface Deformation in the 2016 M_W7.8 Kaikōura, New Zealand, Earthquake From Optical Image Correlation: Implications for Strain Localization and Long‐Term Evolution of the Pacific‐Australian Plate Boundary

Three‐Dimensional Surface Deformation in the 2016 M_W7.8 Kaikōura, New Zealand, Earthquake From Optical Image Correlation: Implications for Strain Localization and Long‐Term Evolution of the Pacific‐Australian Plate Boundary

Three‐Dimensional Surface Displacements During the 2016 M_W 7.8 Kaikōura Earthquake (New Zealand) From Photogrammetry‐Derived Point Clouds

Surface slip variability on strike‐slip faults

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Onshore to Offshore Ground‐Surface and Seabed Rupture of the Jordan–Kekerengu–Needles Fault Network during the 2016 Mw 7.8 Kaikōura Earthquake, New Zealand

Cited by 46 publications

References 50 publications

Three‐Dimensional Surface Deformation in the 2016 MW7.8 Kaikōura, New Zealand, Earthquake From Optical Image Correlation: Implications for Strain Localization and Long‐Term Evolution of the Pacific‐Australian Plate Boundary

Three‐Dimensional Surface Deformation in the 2016 MW7.8 Kaikōura, New Zealand, Earthquake From Optical Image Correlation: Implications for Strain Localization and Long‐Term Evolution of the Pacific‐Australian Plate Boundary

Three‐Dimensional Surface Displacements During the 2016 MW 7.8 Kaikōura Earthquake (New Zealand) From Photogrammetry‐Derived Point Clouds

Surface slip variability on strike‐slip faults

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Three‐Dimensional Surface Deformation in the 2016 M_W7.8 Kaikōura, New Zealand, Earthquake From Optical Image Correlation: Implications for Strain Localization and Long‐Term Evolution of the Pacific‐Australian Plate Boundary

Three‐Dimensional Surface Deformation in the 2016 M_W7.8 Kaikōura, New Zealand, Earthquake From Optical Image Correlation: Implications for Strain Localization and Long‐Term Evolution of the Pacific‐Australian Plate Boundary

Three‐Dimensional Surface Displacements During the 2016 M_W 7.8 Kaikōura Earthquake (New Zealand) From Photogrammetry‐Derived Point Clouds