Ontogenesis of substance P in the rat peripheral vestibular system

Dopaminergic Modulation of Afferent Synaptic Transmission in the Semicircular Canals of Frogs

“…Many substances, including opioid peptides [3][4][5][6][7][8] , calcitonin gene-related peptide, GABA, histamine, taurine, substance P and others [1][2][3]9] have been proposed as potential neuromodulator candidates. Recent studies extended the evidence for the involvement of metabotropic glutamate receptors in modulation of excitatory neurotransmission at the afferent hair cell synapses in the vestibular organs of frogs [3,[10][11][12][13] .…”

The role of defensins in the excitability of the peripheral vestibular system in the frog: Evidence for the presence of communication between the immune and nervous systems

“…A number of substances, including opioid peptides (Guth et al, 1998a;Andrianov and Ryzhova, 1999, 2003Lioudyno et al, 2000;Vega and Soto, 2003), adenosine, calcitonin gene-related peptide, ATP, taurine, aspartate, histamine, potassium ions, substance P and others (Bledsoe et al, 1988;Akoev and Andrianov, 1993;Guth et al, 1998a;Dememes and Ryzhova, 1997) have been advanced as potential candidates. The involvement of metabotropic glutamate receptors in modulation of the excitatory afferent transmission has also been analyzed in the vestibular end organs (Guth et al, 1998b;Hendricson and Guth, 2002a,b;Andrianov et al, 2005).…”

Effects of selected pharmacological agents on avian auditory and vestibular compound action potentials

“…Upon release, glutamate is seen as binding with post-synaptic receptors to activate primary afferents and thus is believed to be the primary mediator of afferent information transfer in the inner ear. However, other candidate transmitter systems have been proposed including c-amino butyric acid (GABA) (Flock and Lam, 1974;Meza et al, 1982;Felix and Ehrenberger, 1982;Meza, 1985;Felix and Ehrenberger, 1985;Meza and Hinojosa, 1987;Usami et al, 1987a;Usami et al, 1987b;Lopez and Meza, 1988;Lopez et al, 1992;Meza et al, 1996), nitric oxide (NO) (Fessenden et al, 1999;Takumida and Anniko, 2000a;Flores et al, 2001), and substance-P Dememes and Ryzhova, 1997;Liang et al, 1999;Felix et al, 2002). It is appropriate to draw a distinction between the auditory and vestibular systems when considering the principal inner ear transmitter candidates, receptors and modes of neurotransmission since the respective systems may be different.…”