Ontogenetic scaling of phloem sieve tube anatomy and hydraulic resistance with tree height in <i>Quercus rubra</i>

Clerx, Laura E.; Rockwell, Fulton E.; Savage, Jessica; Holbrook, Noel Michelle

doi:10.1002/ajb2.1481

Cited by 20 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…In order to avoid the fixation step, our work with mango showed that staining fresh sections for callose with aniline blue can be an unexpensive, fast, and relatively easy tool to identify the sieve tubes. The use of aniline blue to measure sieve tube element length in longitudinal fresh sections has been used in a number of cases (Savage et al ., 2017; Losada and Holbrook, 2019; Clerx et al ., 2020). However, there are few reports in which callose served to detect the sieve tubes in cross sections of woody stems, with some exceptions such as Bombax buonopozense and Sterculia tragacantha (Lawton and Canny, 1970) or the shrub Illicium parviflorum (Losada and Holbrook, 2019), where callose staining has been instrumental in the quantification of the cross sectional variation of the phloem tissue in the different axial positions along the stem.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In mango (and likely in many other woody species), the number and size of the sieve areas connecting the tubes scale with the branch order/diameter, suggesting that their anatomical features are determined according to the axial position of the vascular cambium. In fact, this scaling has been recently evaluated in the stems of trees of Quercus rubra of different ages, which displayed compound plates (Clerx et al ., 2020). The number of sieve areas at the base of the trunk in >5m tall trees of Quercus tripled those of mango, in line with their longer and wider sieve tube elements, suggesting that the age of the trunk influences the general geometry of the sieve tubes, thus facilitating transport toward the base of the tree (Clerx et al ., 2020).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Conductivity Of the Sieve Tubes In The Stems Of Mangomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The geometrical scaling of the phloem conduits along the trunks of trees have remained unexplored until recently, when the development of microscopy techniques have allowed detailed visualization of the micro conduits of the phloem, most remarkably the quantification of the micro pores composing the sieve plates (Mullendore et al, 2010). As a result, the axial geometrical scaling of the phloem conduits in the branches of trees has been revealed in forest trees (Liesche et al, 2016;Savage et al, 2017;Clerx et al, 2020), or in the tapering branches of shrubs (Losada and Holbrook, 2019). Scaling of the conduits goes in line with the geometry of the pores, which offer most of the resistance to sap flow in the phloem, as evaluated by the most recent models of hydraulic transport (Jensen et al, 2012(Jensen et al, , 2014.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The phloem is the vascular tissue that transports photoassimilates from the source photosynthetic organs toward the sink tissues, which are the growing organs of the plant, including the roots, the meristems, fruits or the inflorescences (Esau, 1969; Heo et al ., 2014). This continuous piping system hydraulically drives substances at long and short distances, and works according to the osmotically generated pressure flow hypothesis, proposed almost a century ago (Münch, 1930), but empirically tested in a few woody organisms recently (Savage et al ., 2017; Losada and Holbrook, 2019; Clerx et al ., 2020). The hydraulic function of the phloem is intimately linked with the architecture of the individual conduits composing the tube, which are connected in series, and thus follow the laws of an electric circuit with resistances to flow (the connections between tubes or sieve plates).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Conductivity of the phloem inMangifera indicaL.

Barceló-Anguiano

Hormaza

Losada

2021

Preprint

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Mangifera indica is the fifth most consumed fruit worldwide, and the most important in tropical regions, but its anatomy is quite unexplored. Previous studies examined the effect of chemicals on the xylem structure in the stems of mango, but the anatomy of the phloem has remained elusive, leaving the long distance transport of photo assimilates understudied.In this work, we used a combination of fluorescence and electron microscopy to evaluate in detail the structure of the sieve tube elements composing the phloem tissue in the tapering branches of mango trees. We then used this information to better understand the hydraulic conductivity of the sieve tubes following current models of fluid transport in trees.Our results revealed that the anatomy of the phloem in the stems changes from current year branches, where it was protected by pericyclic fibers, to older ones, where the lack of fibers was concomitant with laticiferous canals embedded in the phloem tissue. Callose was present in the sieve plates, but also in the walls of the phloem conduits, making them discernible from other phloem cells in fresh sections. A scaling geometry of the sieve tube elements, including the number of sieve areas and the pore size across tapering branches resulted in an exponential conductivity from current year branches to the base of the tree.Our measurements of the phloem in mango fit with measurements of the phloem architecture in the stems of forest woody species, and imply that, despite agronomic pruning practices, the sieve conduits of the phloem scale with the tapering branches. As a result, the pipe model theory applied to the continuous tubing system of the phloem appears as a good approach to understand the “long distance” hydraulic transport of photoassimilates in fruit trees.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Conductivity Of the Sieve Tubes In The Stems Of Mangomentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Conductivity of the phloem inMangifera indicaL.

Barceló-Anguiano

Hormaza

Losada

2021

Preprint

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Seasonal patterns of callose deposition and xylem embolism in five boreal deciduous tree species

Miller

Stanfield

Hacke

2021

American J of Botany

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Premise: Phloem tissue allows for sugar transport along the entirety of a plant and, thus, is one of the most important anatomical structures related to growth. It is thought that the sugar-conducting sieve tube may overwinter and that its cells persist multiple seasons in deciduous trees. One possible overwintering strategy is to build up callose on phloem sieve plates to temporarily cease their function. We tested the hypothesis that five deciduous tree species produce callose on their sieve plates on a seasonal basis. Methods: Young shoots of five deciduous tree species were sampled periodically between April 2019 and February 2020 in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. After enzymatic digestion of cytoplasmic constituents, cross sections were imaged using scanning electron microscopy to observe and quantify the level of callose deposition at monthly intervals, and sieve plate pore size was measured. Using a conductivity apparatus, we measured xylem native embolism during these sampling periods. Results: Contrary to past work on some of the same species, we found little evidence that sieve tubes overwinter by becoming occluded with callose. Instead, we found that most sieve plates remain open. Xylem embolism was minimal during the peak growing season, but increased over winter. Conclusions: Many species had been assumed to deposit callose on sieve plates over winter, though anatomical and phenological phloem data were sparse. Our data do not support this notion.

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Tropical mobola plum (Parinari Curatellifolia): a full characterization of wood and bark within the scope of biorefineries

Malengue,

Lourenço,

Patrício

et al. 2024

Eur. J. Wood Prod.

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Parinari curatellifolia is the main species used to produce charcoal in Angola. Its chemical, anatomical, and thermal properties were analyzed. The bark is dark grey, rough, and corky, and the wood is brown to yellow-red. Compared to wood, bark fibers presented lower length, lumen, and wall thickness. There is not much difference between height and cell numbers of rays. Sieve tube elements appear solitary or in small groups (2–3 cells), and vessels were of two diameter classes but diffuse-porous. Bark basic density was lower than wood (505 kg.m− 3vs. 580 kg.m− 3). The mean chemical composition from bark vs. wood of P. curatellifolia was ash (3.2% vs. 1.6%), total extractives (12.2% vs. 10.0%), total lignin (42.4% vs. 28.4%), and suberin 5.4%. Families identified by GC-MS from DCM extracts were predominated by fatty acids in wood and triterpenoid contents in bark. Bark and wood had higher antioxidant activity in FRAP and DPPH methods. The bark had a monomeric lignin composition richer in guaiacyl-units (25.9% vs. 22.5%) and lower syringyl-units (5.7% vs. 8.5%). Potassium was the most abundant mineral, while the least was cadmium found in wood and bark. Regarding thermal properties, bark presented higher moisture content (9.0% vs. 8.0%), ash (3.33% vs. 1.61%), total volatiles (27.5% vs. 20.7%), lower fixed carbon (69.1% vs. 77.7%) and higher heating value (20.9 MJ/kg vs. 19.1 MJ/kg). According to these characteristics, both biomasses are interesting for developing more value-added products (e.g., charcoal, bio-chemicals with phytochemistry and pharmacology activities) besides burning under the context of biorefineries.

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Ontogenetic scaling of phloem sieve tube anatomy and hydraulic resistance with tree height in Quercus rubra

Abstract: This is the author manuscript accepted for publication and has undergone full peer review but has not been through the copyediting, typesetting, pagination and proofreading process, which may lead to differences between this version and the Version of Record. Please cite this article as

Cited by 20 publications

References 39 publications

Conductivity of the phloem inMangifera indicaL.

Conductivity of the phloem inMangifera indicaL.

Seasonal patterns of callose deposition and xylem embolism in five boreal deciduous tree species

Tropical mobola plum (Parinari Curatellifolia): a full characterization of wood and bark within the scope of biorefineries

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