Ontogeny of the human central nervous system: What is happening when?

Graaf-Peters, Victorine B. de; Hadders‐Algra, Mijna

doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2005.10.013

Cited by 490 publications

(366 citation statements)

References 111 publications

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“…In order to model life stage specific responses in humans (37), one can approximately map rodent ages to humans based on postnatal brain development (38)(39)(40), vulnerability to injury (23,41), and other life-stage specific changes. In F344xBN rats, a strain widely used in studies of normal aging, 18 and 28 months represent the 95% and 75% points on the normal survival curve, approximately equivalent to 50 and 65 years of age in the US population (42), ages that better represent the middle age and older patients that commonly undergo WBI.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aging-Dependent Changes in the Radiation Response of the Adult Rat Brain

Schindler¹,

Forbes²,

Robbins³

et al. 2008

International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics

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Purpose-To assess the impact of aging on the radiation response in the adult rat brain.Methods and Materials-Male rats 8, 18, or 28 months of age received a single 10Gy dose of whole brain irradiation (WBI). The hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) was analyzed one and ten weeks later for sensitive neurobiological markers associated with radiation-induced damage: changes in the density of proliferating cells, immature neurons, total microglia, and activated microglia.Results-A significant reduction in basal levels of proliferating cells and immature neurons and increased microglial activation occurred with normal aging. WBI induced a transient increase in proliferation that was greater in older animals. This proliferation response did not increase the number of immature neurons, which decreased following WBI in young rats but not in old rats. Total microglial number decreased following WBI at all ages but microglial activation increased markedly, particularly in older animals.Conclusions-Age is an important factor to consider when investigating the radiation response of the brain. In contrast to young adults, older rats show no sustained decrease in the number of immature neurons following WBI but have a greater inflammatory response. The latter may play an enhanced role in the development of radiation-induced cognitive dysfunction in older individuals.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aging-Dependent Changes in the Radiation Response of the Adult Rat Brain

Schindler¹,

Forbes²,

Robbins³

et al. 2008

International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics

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“…29,30 MRI studies using diffusion tensor imaging in vivo have indicated abnormalities in white matter in prefrontal cortex and other brain areas of patients with schizophrenia, indicating the possibility of disturbed maintenance of myelination through oligodendrocytes [31][32][33][34] although not all studies agree. 35,36 Recently, postmortem gene expression profiling has boosted the field by showing that many myelinrelated genes are downregulated in several brain regions of patients with schizophrenia compared with controls [37][38][39][40][41] Furthermore, it is interesting to note that while most of the myelination occurs shortly postnatally, 42 the peak of myelination in the cortical areas and especially in the prefrontal cortex occurs during the adolescence and early adulthood, 43,44 thus coinciding with a critical period for the onset of schizophrenia. 45,46 Myelin is composed of 70% cholesterol, and impaired cholesterol biosynthesis by disruption of the squalene synthase (an SREBP-controlled gene), has been shown to severely disrupt myelination.…”

Section: Abnormalities In Myelination and Lipid Biosynthesis In Schizmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polymorphisms in SREBF1 and SREBF2, two antipsychotic-activated transcription factors controlling cellular lipogenesis, are associated with schizophrenia in German and Scandinavian samples

et al. 2008

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Several studies have reported structural brain abnormalities, decreased myelination and oligodendrocyte dysfunction in schizophrenia. In the central nervous system, glia-derived de novo synthesized cholesterol is essential for both myelination and synaptogenesis. Previously, we demonstrated in glial cell lines that antipsychotic drugs induce the expression of genes involved in cholesterol and fatty acids biosynthesis through activation of the sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP) transcription factors, encoded by the sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1 (SREBF1) and sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 2 (SREBF2) genes. Considering the importance of these factors in the lipid biosynthesis and their possible involvement in antipsychotic drug effects, we hypothesized that genetic variants of SREBF1 and/or SREBF2 could affect schizophrenia susceptibility. We therefore conducted a HapMap-based association study in a large German sample, and identified association between schizophrenia and five markers in SREBF1 and five markers in SREBF2. Follow-up studies in two independent samples of Danish and Norwegian origin (part of the Scandinavian collaboration of psychiatric etiology study, SCOPE) replicated the association for the five SREBF1 markers and for two markers in SREBF2. A combined analysis of all samples resulted in highly significant genotypic P-values of 9 Â 10 À4 for SREBF1 (rs11868035, odd ration (OR) = 1.26, 95% confidence interval (CI) (1.09-1.45)) and 4 Â 10 À5 for SREBF2 (rs1057217, OR = 1.39, 95% CI (1.19-1.63)). This finding strengthens the hypothesis that SREBP-controlled cholesterol biosynthesis is involved in the etiology of schizophrenia.

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“…9 The General Movement Assessment (GMA), based on systematic observation of infants' spontaneous movements from video recordings, has been shown to predict CP with high accuracy. 10,11 The absence of fidgety movements at 2 to 4 months corrected age may identify infants who will develop CP with more than 90% sensitivity.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Early prediction of cerebral palsy by computer‐based video analysis of general movements: a feasibility study

Adde

Helbostad

Jensenius

et al. 2010

Develop Med Child Neuro

111

162

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AIM The aim of this study was to investigate the predictive value of a computer-based video analysis of the development of cerebral palsy (CP) in young infants.METHOD A prospective study of general movements used recordings from 30 high-risk infants (13 males, 17 females; mean gestational age 31wks, SD 6wks; range 23-42wks) between 10 and 15 weeks post term when fidgety movements should be present. Recordings were analysed using computer vision software. Movement variables, derived from differences between subsequent video frames, were used for quantitative analyses. CP status was reported at 5 years.RESULTS Thirteen infants developed CP (eight hemiparetic, four quadriparetic, one dyskinetic; seven ambulatory, three non-ambulatory, and three unknown function), of whom one had fidgety movements. Variability of the centroid of motion had a sensitivity of 85% and a specificity of 71% in identifying CP. By combining this with variables reflecting the amount of motion, specificity increased to 88%. Nine out of 10 children with CP, and for whom information about functional level was available, were correctly predicted with regard to ambulatory and non-ambulatory function.INTERPRETATION Prediction of CP can be provided by computer-based video analysis in young infants. The method may serve as an objective and feasible tool for early prediction of CP in highrisk infants.Cerebral palsy (CP) is a permanent disorder in the development of movement and posture in the developing fetal or infant brain 1 and is one of the major disabilities that result from extremely preterm birth. [2][3][4] The utility of predictive assessment tools in young infants is limited by the need for expensive equipment and highly experienced personnel, as well as low accuracy. Although the primary insult(s) cannot be repaired, early identification of CP enables intervention to be instituted while the plasticity of the nervous system is high. [5][6][7][8] Early identification may also lead to more focused follow-up and reassure the parents of those children who are unlikely to develop CP.In young infants, neurological damage is typically expressed by means of generalized and non-specific dysfunction. 9 The General Movement Assessment (GMA), based on systematic observation of infants' spontaneous movements from video recordings, has been shown to predict CP with high accuracy. 10,11 The absence of fidgety movements at 2 to 4 months corrected age may identify infants who will develop CP with more than 90% sensitivity. 10,[12][13][14] Although the GMA has been demonstrated to predict CP with high accuracy, it depends on highly experienced observers, and its use in clinical practice is limited. 12,15,16 A software program developed within the Max/MSP/Jitter environment for analysing music-related movements in musicians and dancers 17 has recently been customized for the purpose of studying fidgety movements. Using the customized software, movement variables have been demonstrated to identify infants with fidgety movements with high accuracy. 18 The aim of...

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Ontogeny of the human central nervous system: What is happening when?

Cited by 490 publications

References 111 publications

Aging-Dependent Changes in the Radiation Response of the Adult Rat Brain

Aging-Dependent Changes in the Radiation Response of the Adult Rat Brain

Polymorphisms in SREBF1 and SREBF2, two antipsychotic-activated transcription factors controlling cellular lipogenesis, are associated with schizophrenia in German and Scandinavian samples

Early prediction of cerebral palsy by computer‐based video analysis of general movements: a feasibility study

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