“…In other fields, robotic welding vision sensors can easily address complex, difficult-to-reach, and hazardous welding scenarios through visual perception [ 134 , 135 , 136 , 137 , 138 , 139 , 140 , 141 , 142 , 143 , 144 , 145 , 146 , 147 , 148 , 149 ]. By accurately detecting, recognizing, and modeling the object to be welded, the sensors can comprehensively grasp the structure, spatial relationships, and positioning of the object, facilitating the precise control of the welding torch and ensuring optimal welding results.…”