Open Issues in Supervisory Control of Hybrid Electric Vehicles: A Unified Approach Using Optimal Control Methods

Serrao, Lorenzo; Sciarretta, Antonio; Grondin, Olivier; Chasse, Alexandre; Creff, Yann; Domenico, Domenico Di; Pognant-Gros, Philippe; Quérel, Carole; Thibault, Laurent

doi:10.2516/ogst/2012080

Cited by 66 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 27 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Moreover, as it has been largely described in [24], the Maximum Principle approach is a unified frame where different supervisory control problems may be treated. Hence this approach and the versatility of PASVA4 may be used together to solve problems with: -additional optimization criteria as pollutant emissions and battery aging; -new state variables as engine and catalyst temperature, pollutant emissions and battery temperature; -different boundary conditions as battery depletion for plug-in electric vehicles; -additional state and control constraints.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Equation (26) relates kðt þ 2 Þ to t 2 and then is the additional equation that allows to determine t 2 by solving simultaneously with Equation (24).…”

Section: Solution Of the Optimality Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In [24], it is pointed out that the approach based on the PMP allows an unified treatment of supervisory control problems of increasing difficulty. Different variants of the basic supervisory control problem are discussed, namely the addition of new terms to the objective functional (as pollutant emission rates, the integral of current flow in and out the batteries, which is related with battery aging), modifications to boundary conditions (as condition of battery depletion for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles), addition of state variables (as engine temperature, engine and catalyst temperature, emmissions in Diesel engines, battery temperature) and addition of new state constraints.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Determination of the Equivalent Consumption in Hybrid Electric Vehicles in the State-Constrained Case

Pérez

Angelo

Pereyra

2015

Oil Gas Sci. Technol. – Rev. IFP Energies nouvelles

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

-In the optimization of power management of hybrid electric vehicles, the equivalent consumption factor is often used. This parameter represents a way of penalizing the use of power from the batteries, taking into account the fuel consumption that such use eventually hides. If the problem of determining the power split between the energy sources of the vehicle that minimizes fuel consumption is stated as a non linear constrained optimal control problem, and is solved using Pontryagin Maximum Principle (PMP), the equivalent consumption factor may be computed from the adjoint state. Following this approach we compute the trajectory of the adjoint state in the case where state constraints are taken into account. The optimality conditions from PMP are a Boundary Value Problem (BVP), which is solved numerically using a code named PASVA4. Numerical examples are compared with dynamic programming solutions of the same problem. It is found that the adjoint state is continuous and its trajectory is described. The approach may be generalized to similar optimal control problems.Résumé -Détermination de la consommation équivalente dans les véhicules électriques hybrides, compte tenu des contraintes sur l'état -Dans l'optimisation de la gestion d'énergie des véhicules électriques hybrides, le facteur de consommation équivalent est souvent utilisé. Ce paramètre représente une façon de pénaliser l'utilisation de l'énergie de la batterie, étant donné que recharger les batteries implique finalement de consommer du carburant. Si le problème de la détermination de la répartition de la puissance entre les sources d'énergie du véhicule qui minimise la consommation de carburant est formulé comme un problème de commande optimale non linéaire avec des restrictions, et est résolu en utilisant le Principe du Maximum de Pontryagin (PMP), le facteur de consommation équivalent peut être calculé à partir de l'état adjoint. Cet article montre une manière de calculer l'évolution temporelle du facteur de consommation équivalente, basée sur la résolution d'un problème de commande optimale dans le cas où les contraintes d'état sont prises en compte. Les conditions d'optimalité données par le PMP sont un problème de condition initiale et condition finale. Ce problème est résolu numériquement en utilisant un code appelé PASVA4. Des exemples numériques sont comparés avec les solutions du même problème obtenues en utilisant la programmation dynamique. La trajectoire de l'état adjoint, qui est continue, est décrite complètement. L'approche peut être généralisée aux problèmes similaires de gestion optimale d'énergie.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Equation (26) relates kðt þ 2 Þ to t 2 and then is the additional equation that allows to determine t 2 by solving simultaneously with Equation (24).…”

Section: Solution Of the Optimality Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Determination of the Equivalent Consumption in Hybrid Electric Vehicles in the State-Constrained Case

Pérez

Angelo

Pereyra

2015

Oil Gas Sci. Technol. – Rev. IFP Energies nouvelles

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The class of plug-in HEV (PHEV), where the battery can be recharged from an external source (grid) also, has attracted less research than charge-sustaining HEV, although pioneering papers have already treated this topic in terms of optimal control and presented simulation or experimental results (Larsson, Johannesson, & Egardt, 2010;O'Kneefe & Markel, 2006;Stockar, Marano, & Canova, 2011;Serrao et al, 2013;Tulpule, Marano, & Rizzoni, 2009). The specific difficulty in this class of EMS is to generate an optimal discharge of the battery.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A control benchmark on the energy management of a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle

Sciarretta

Serrao²,

Dewangan

et al. 2014

Control Engineering Practice

Self Cite

119

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

a b s t r a c tA benchmark control problem was developed for a special session of the IFAC Workshop on Engine and Powertrain Control, Simulation and Modeling (E-COSM 12), held in Rueil-Malmaison, France, in October 2012. The online energy management of a plug-in hybrid-electric vehicle was to be developed by the benchmark participants. The simulator, provided by the benchmark organizers, implements a model of the GM Voltec powertrain. Each solution was evaluated according to several metrics, comprising of energy and fuel economy on two driving profiles unknown to the participants, acceleration and braking performance, computational performance. The nine solutions received are analyzed in terms of the control technique adopted (heuristic rule-based energy management vs. equivalent consumption minimization strategies, ECMS), battery discharge strategy (charge depleting-charge sustaining vs. blended mode), ECMS implementation (vector-based vs. map-based), ways to improve the implementation and improve the computational performance. The solution having achieved the best combined score is compared with a global optimal solution calculated offline using the Pontryagin's minimum principlederived optimization tool HOT.

show abstract

“…A general approach based on optimal control theory is proposed in [18], with a description of several possible extensions of the basic framework of ECMS. The authors describe how to include different pollutant components for an HEV, possibly taking into consideration thermal effects and aftertreatment systems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy for the Control of Real Driving NOx Emissions of a Diesel Hybrid Electric Vehicle

et al. 2014

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Motivated by the fact that the real driving NO x emissions (RDE) of conventional diesel vehicles can exceed the legislation norms by far, a concept for the control of RDE with a diesel parallel hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is proposed. By extending the well-known equivalent consumption minimization strategy (ECMS), the power split degree of freedom is used to control the NO x emissions and the battery state of charge (SOC) simultaneously. Through an appropriate formulation of the problem, the feedback control is shown to be separable into two dependent PI controllers. By hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) experiments, as well as by simulations, the proposed method is shown to minimize the fuel consumption while tracking a given reference trajectory for both the NO x emissions and the battery SOC.

show abstract

Open Issues in Supervisory Control of Hybrid Electric Vehicles: A Unified Approach Using Optimal Control Methods

Cited by 66 publications

References 27 publications

Determination of the Equivalent Consumption in Hybrid Electric Vehicles in the State-Constrained Case

Determination of the Equivalent Consumption in Hybrid Electric Vehicles in the State-Constrained Case

A control benchmark on the energy management of a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle

Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy for the Control of Real Driving NOx Emissions of a Diesel Hybrid Electric Vehicle

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About