Open string QED meson description of the X17 particle and dark matter

Abstract

As a quark and an antiquark cannot be isolated, the intrinsic motion of a composite qq system in its lowest-energy states lies predominantly in 1+1 dimensions, as in an open string with the quark and the antiquark at its two ends. Accordingly, we study the lowest-energy states of an open string qq system in QCD and QED in 1+1 dimensions. We show that π 0 , η, and η can be adequately described as open string qq QCD mesons. By extrapolating into the qq QED sector in which a quark and an antiquark interact with the QED interaction, we find an open string isoscalar I(J π) = 0(0 −) QED meson state at 17.9±1.5 MeV and an isovector (I(J π) = 1(0 −), I 3 = 0) QED meson state at 36.4±3.8 MeV. The predicted masses of the isoscalar and isovector QED mesons are close to the masses of the hypothetical X17 and E38 particles observed recently, making them good candidates for these particles. The decay products of QED mesons may show up as excess e + e − and γγ pairs in the anomalous soft photon phenomenon associated with hadron productions in high-energy hadron-proton collisions and e +-e − annihilations. Measurements of the invariant masses of excess e + e − and γγ pairs will provide tests for the existence of the open string qq QED mesons. An assembly of gravitating QED mesons are expected to emit electron-positron pairs and/or gamma rays and their decay energies and lifetimes will be modified by their gravitational binding energies. Consequently, a self-gravitating isoscalar QED meson assembly whose mass M and radius R satisfy (M/M)/(R/R) 4.71 × 10 5 will not produce electron-positron pairs nor gamma rays and may be a good candidate for the primordial dark matter.

QED Mesons, the QED Neutron, and the Dark Matter

“…for a boson with a mass given by m = g 2D / √ π. The Schwinger model can be generalized from QED to (QED+QCD) [8,9]. Because of the three-color nature of quarks, the quark currents and the QED and QCD gauge fields are 3×3 color matrices which can be expanded in terms of the nine generators of the U(3) group,…”

“…where τ 0 =t 0 , τ 1 = 8 i=1 n i t i , with fixed direction cosines n i =2tr{τ 1 t i } in the color-octet generator space. With the above currents and gauge fields (6) in the color-singlet and the color-octet subgroups, Schwinger's solution for QED can be trivially generalized to (QED+QCD) leading to the currents and gauge fields satisfying their corresponding Klein-Gorden equations with masses depending on their respective coupling constants [8,9].…”

“…In contrast in 3+1D, the flux tube has a structure with a radius R T , but the coupling constant g 4D is dimensionless. The 1+1D open string can be considered an idealization of the physical meson in 3+1D with a flux tube of radius R T , if the coupling constants g 2D and g 4D in the two different space-time dimensions are related by [8,9]…”

Atomki anomaly in gauged U(1)R symmetric model

“…The vector boson hypothesis was firstly studied in [9,10] in a gauged B − L symmetric model, taking various experimental constraints into account. Then, many models have been proposed in contexts of an extra U(1) gauge symmetry [11][12][13], dark matter [14][15][16], neutrino physics [17], lepton anomalous magnetic moments [18][19][20] and others [21][22][23][24][25]. Experimental searches of the X boson are also studied in [26][27][28][29].…”

Explaining Atomki anomaly and muon g − 2 in U(1)X extended flavour violating two Higgs doublet model

“…local B −L model [8][9][10], local Baryon number model [9], extra U(1) gauge symmetry models [11][12][13][14][15], discussion associated with dark matter [16][17][18], and flavour physics etc. [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30].…”