Operant conditioning of primate H-reflex: phases of development

Wolpaw, Jonathan R.; Maniccia, Dayna M.; Elia, Timothea

doi:10.1016/0304-3940(94)90319-0

Cited by 22 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Since these within-session task-dependent differences increased the number of successful trials, they were adaptive, and are called task-dependent adaptations. In both magnitude and rate (i.e., the number of trials over which they develop), these HRup and HRdown task-dependent adaptations resemble the phase-1 changes in animals exposed to the up- or down-conditioning mode (Wolpaw and O’Keefe, 1984; Wolpaw et al, 1994; Chen et al, 2001). Table 3 compares these task-dependent adaptations to the phase-1 changes in monkeys and rats (Wolpaw and O’Keefe, 1984; Wolpaw et al, 1994; Chen et al, 2001).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…In both magnitude and rate (i.e., the number of trials over which they develop), these HRup and HRdown task-dependent adaptations resemble the phase-1 changes in animals exposed to the up- or down-conditioning mode (Wolpaw and O’Keefe, 1984; Wolpaw et al, 1994; Chen et al, 2001). Table 3 compares these task-dependent adaptations to the phase-1 changes in monkeys and rats (Wolpaw and O’Keefe, 1984; Wolpaw et al, 1994; Chen et al, 2001). Unlike the animal protocols, which simply imposed the conditioning task and left it in effect, the present human protocol repeatedly turned the task from “off” (i.e., within-session control trials) to “on” (i.e., conditioned trials).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…This simple skill requires the corticospinal tract (CST) and develops in two phases: phase 1 occurs in the first days; and phase 2 occurs gradually over weeks (Wolpaw and O’Keefe, 1984; Wolpaw et al, 1994; Chen et al, 2001). We hypothesize that these two phases reflect two components of skill acquisition: a rapid component in which the reward contingency modifies CST output to produce a small reflex change; and a slow component in which the CST gradually creates the spinal cord plasticity underlying most of the final reflex change.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Acquisition of a Simple Motor Skill: Task-Dependent Adaptation Plus Long-Term Change in the Human Soleus H-Reflex

Thompson¹,

Chen²,

Wolpaw³

2009

J. Neurosci.

121

316

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Activity-dependent plasticity occurs throughout the CNS. However, investigations of skill acquisition usually focus on cortex. To expand the focus, we analyzed in humans the development of operantly conditioned H-reflex change, a simple motor skill that develops gradually and involves plasticity in both the brain and the spinal cord. Each person completed 6 baseline and 24 conditioning sessions over 10 weeks. In each conditioning session, the soleus H-reflex was measured while the subject was or was not asked to increase (HRup subjects) or decrease (HRdown subjects) it. When the subject was asked to change H-reflex size, immediate visual feedback indicated whether a size criterion had been satisfied. Over the 24 conditioning sessions, H-reflex size gradually increased in six of eight HRup subjects and decreased in eight of nine HRdown subjects, resulting in final sizes of 140 Ϯ 12 and 69 Ϯ 6% of baseline size, respectively. The final H-reflex change was the sum of within-session (i.e., task-dependent) adaptation and across-session (i.e., long-term) change. Taskdependent adaptation appeared within four to six sessions and persisted thereafter, averaging ϩ13% in HRup subjects and Ϫ15% in HRdown subjects. In contrast, long-term change began after 10 sessions and increased gradually thereafter, reaching ϩ27% in HRup subjects and Ϫ16% in HRdown subjects. Thus, the acquisition of H-reflex conditioning consists of two phenomena, task-dependent adaptation and long-term change, that together constitute the new motor skill. In combination with previous data, this new finding further elucidates the interaction of plasticity in brain and spinal cord that underlies the acquisition and maintenance of motor skills.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Acquisition of a Simple Motor Skill: Task-Dependent Adaptation Plus Long-Term Change in the Human Soleus H-Reflex

Thompson¹,

Chen²,

Wolpaw³

2009

J. Neurosci.

121

316

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…There is evidence for short-term plasticity at this site. Investigations of the spinal stretch reflex after motor training have demonstrated changes involving the motoneuron pool, and these appear to be related to the acquisition of specific motor tasks (Carp and Wolpaw 1994;Meunier et al 2007;Nielsen et al 1993;Perez et al 2005;Sale 1988;Wolf et al 1995;Wolpaw et al 1994;Wolpaw and Lee 1989). In addition, motoneuronal responses to corticospinal input can be acutely changed after short and prolonged strong voluntary contractions (MVCs) (e.g., Gandevia et al 1999;Giesebrecht et al 2010Giesebrecht et al , 2011Petersen et al 2003), and conditioning of the corticospinal-motoneuronal synapse by paired stimulation can alter corticospinal transmission in a way that is consistent with spike-timing-dependent plasticity (Taylor and Martin 2009).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Training in a ballistic task but not a visuomotor task increases responses to stimulation of human corticospinal axons

Giesebrecht

Duinen

Todd

et al. 2012

Journal of Neurophysiology

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“…For all versions, conditioning succeeded in 75–80% of the subjects; in the other 20–25%, the reflex remained close to its initial size. Reflex change typically began with a rapid small change in the correct direction, progressed gradually over days and weeks, and appeared to asymptote by 50–60 days (Wolpaw and O’Keefe, 1984; Wolpaw et al, 1994; Chen et al, 2001; Thompson et al, 2009). In rats and monkeys, final reflex size was about 175% of its initial value for up-conditioning and 55% for down-conditioning.…”

Section: Model Development: Establishing the Phenomenonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Operant conditioning of spinal reflexes: from basic science to clinical therapy

Thompson

Wolpaw

2014

Front. Integr. Neurosci.

Self Cite

105

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New appreciation of the adaptive capabilities of the nervous system, recent recognition that most spinal cord injuries are incomplete, and progress in enabling regeneration are generating growing interest in novel rehabilitation therapies. Here we review the 35-year evolution of one promising new approach, operant conditioning of spinal reflexes. This work began in the late 1970’s as basic science; its purpose was to develop and exploit a uniquely accessible model for studying the acquisition and maintenance of a simple behavior in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). The model was developed first in monkeys and then in rats, mice, and humans. Studies with it showed that the ostensibly simple behavior (i.e., a larger or smaller reflex) rests on a complex hierarchy of brain and spinal cord plasticity; and current investigations are delineating this plasticity and its interactions with the plasticity that supports other behaviors. In the last decade, the possible therapeutic uses of reflex conditioning have come under study, first in rats and then in humans. The initial results are very exciting, and they are spurring further studies. At the same time, the original basic science purpose and the new clinical purpose are enabling and illuminating each other in unexpected ways. The long course and current state of this work illustrate the practical importance of basic research and the valuable synergy that can develop between basic science questions and clinical needs.

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Operant conditioning of primate H-reflex: phases of development

Cited by 22 publications

References 17 publications

Acquisition of a Simple Motor Skill: Task-Dependent Adaptation Plus Long-Term Change in the Human Soleus H-Reflex

Acquisition of a Simple Motor Skill: Task-Dependent Adaptation Plus Long-Term Change in the Human Soleus H-Reflex

Training in a ballistic task but not a visuomotor task increases responses to stimulation of human corticospinal axons

Operant conditioning of spinal reflexes: from basic science to clinical therapy

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