“…A total of two articles were conceptual papers Guenther et al, 2014), and 24 articles did not discuss the determinants of cost stickiness but instead used them as independent variables. These articles have not been used because they discuss the effects of cost stickiness on, for example, the forecasting of earnings (Ciftci et al, 2016;Ciftci & Salama, 2018;Kaspereit & Lopatta, 2019;Lopatta et al, 2020;Lu et al, 2020;Tang et al, 2020;Weiss, 2010). Be cause our focus is the managers' behaviour, we have dropped 15 articles that discuss, for example, the effect of an auditor's choice, ac counting policies, changes in office address, CEO structure, and changes in the research sample on cost stickiness (Chae & Chung, 2015;Chae & Ryu, 2016;Chung et al, 2019;Ibrahim, 2018;Lee et al, 2019;Loy & Hartli eb, 2018;Shust & Weiss, 2014;Xue & Hong, 2016;Yang, 2015).…”