Operational Characteristics of the Evaporative Light Scattering Detector Used in Analysis of Ethoxylated Alcohols

Miszkiewicz, W.; Szymanowski, J.

doi:10.1080/10826079608006299

Cited by 26 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…On the other hand, this requires the use of an evaporative light scattering detector (ELSD), which is rather problematic with respect to quantitation (17)(18)(19)(20)(21). An exemplary gradient HPLC chromatogram is presented in Figure 170 W. HRECZUCH ET AL.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Direct ethoxylation of a longer‐chain aliphatic ester

Hreczuch

Trathnigg

Dziwiński

et al. 2001

J Surfact & Detergents

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2-Ethylhexyl laurate, as an exemplary longerchain aliphatic ester, was subjected to direct ethoxylation. The synthesis was described and the obtained products were analyzed qualitatively by means of the mass spectrometry and chromatographic methods. Solubility of the obtained ethoxylates was studied by determination of their cloud points in selected model solutions. It was shown that longer-chain aliphatic esters are feasible as raw materials for ethoxylation in the presence of an appropriate catalyst. They undergo effective and selective reaction with ethylene oxide without formation of excessive amounts of by-products. The obtained products exhibit typical properties of ethoxylate-type nonionic surfactants. Their solubility in water and butyldiglycol solution was relatively lower compared to their methyl ester equivalents.Paper no. S1226 in JSD 4, 167-173 (April 2001).KEY WORDS: Aliphatic esters, ethoxylation, 2-ethylhexyl laurate.The common definition of ethoxylation requires the presence of a labile hydrogen group in the substrate subjected to the reaction, according to Equation (1):where R denotes hydrocarbon chain and X means an intermediate group, such as -O-, -N-, or -S-. However, it was found recently that the reaction can also be performed efficiently with fatty acid methyl ester as the substrate (2,3). Since then several catalysts that allow efficient performance of the reaction have been reported (4-6). Ethoxylation of fatty methyl esters was also carried out using the conventional alkaline catalysts (7), although the rate of ethylene oxide (EO) addition was slow and the product distribution obtained was broad. It was proven that during ethoxylation of fatty methyl ester, EO was inserted selectively between the carbonyl carbon and the methoxy group (8).RCOOCH 3 + nCH 2 CH 2 O → RCO(OCH 2 CH 2 ) n OCH 3[2] Substrate Adduct Ethoxylation product Propoxylation of fatty acid methyl esters was also reported in the literature (9). Earlier studies described the impact of methyl ester chain length, degree of unsaturation, and EO content on the physical properties and performance of methyl ester ethoxylates (7,10,11). However, in considering the more recently described effective ethoxylation of the ester bond, a wide spectrum of additional raw materials appears to be relevant for the manufacture of nonionic surfactants. Some of them are already available commercially. They include longer aliphatic esters applied as ecological organic solvents, lubricants, modern bio-fuel additives, or other auxiliary agents. The aim of this work was to present the results from direct ethoxylation of 2-ethylhexyl laurate as an exemplary longer-chain aliphatic ester subjected to the reaction and to study the solubility of the products obtained in water and in 2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethanol (butyldiglycol: BDG) solution. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURESThe following materials were used: oxirane (Mazovian Petrochemical Works, P / lock, Poland); 2-ethylhexyl laurate, marked as Polcet L (CHEMCO Production and Trade Company, Sobowidz, Poland); and ...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Direct ethoxylation of a longer‐chain aliphatic ester

Hreczuch

Trathnigg

Dziwiński

et al. 2001

J Surfact & Detergents

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“…Normal-phase conditions are better suited to baseline resolution of the oligomers of ethoxylated surfactants. [28][29][30] It was not our intent in this work to baseline resolve the oligomers and therefore, normal-phase LC was not investigated. Figure 4(b) shows a summed mass spectrum for the 40-45 min region of Fig.…”

Section: Nano-lc/esi-msmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a nano-electrospray mass spectrometry source for nanoscale liquid chromatography and sheathless capillary electrophoresis

Alexander

Schultz

Poli

1998

Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom.

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A Fisons Quattro I electrospray ionization (ESI) source has been modified to produce stable electrospray ion currents at flow rates as low as 50 nL/min. The original counter electrode and skimmer cone lens of the Fisons ESI source have been replaced with a spherical cone lens. This improved source provides a greater range of x,y,z positioning of a stainless steel tip resulting in a stable ion signal for flow rates of 50 nL/min to 2 mL/min. A tapered stainless steel electrospray tip (50 mm i.d.) was evaluated for mass spectrometry using nano-liquid chromatography (50 mm i.d., flow rate = 120 nL/min) and sheathless capillary electrophoresis. The analysis of a nonionic surfactant, octylphenol ethoxylate, was accomplished with both nanoscale separation techniques. #

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“…The ELS detector response is dependent on the temperature of the drift-tube [31]. When using the present method the response of the lipids gradually decreased at a temperature increment from 40 to 90 • C. When the drift-tube temperature was increased from 40 to 60 • C, a two-to three-fold decrease in the response was observed.…”

Section: Optimisation Of the Detector Temperaturementioning

confidence: 71%