Ophrys insectifera L.—Update of the Status of a Critically Endangered Orchid in Bulgaria

Abstract

Aim: Ophrys insectifera L. due to its peculiar biology and environmental requirements is among the most threatened and endangered vascular plants in Bulgaria. On the territory of Bulgaria the species fulfills the IUCN criteria for critically endangered [CR C2a(i); D] and is included also in the Red Data Book of Republic Bulgaria and Biodiversity Act. The present study aimed to explore and evaluate the status of its populations and their threats. Materials and methods: Exploration and monitoring of the populations of the critically endangered orchid O. insectifera in Bulgaria was done from 2012 till 2017. The shoot count and some morphometric parameters were recorded for evaluation of their distribution and population dynamics. Results and discussion: At one location Ophrys insectifera can be considered extinct. However two new locations were found so the total number of known locations is increased. Approximately over 50% of the occupied territories fall outside protected sites and many of the habitats are endangered by anthropogenic or other factors. At all of the known locations there are less than 50 shoots per place. These facts put a high stress on the perspectives of their populations' survival in Bulgaria.