Ophthalmic imaging by spectral optical coherence tomography

Wojtkowski, Maciej; Bajraszewski, Tomasz; Gorczyńska, Iwona; Targowski, Piotr; Kowalczyk, Andrzej; Wasilewski, Wojciech; Radzewicz, Czesław

doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2004.04.049

Cited by 269 publications

(160 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Broad-bandwidth superluminescent diode light sources, similar to the one used in this study, recently have been shown to enable UHR OCT image resolution performance approaching that of femtosecond lasers. [27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38] Our research prototype high-speed UHR OCT system has been described in detail in previous publications. [29][30][31][32][33] This system can acquire up to 25 000 axial scans per second, corresponding to ~49 images (512 axial scans per image) per second.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-Definition and 3-dimensional Imaging of Macular Pathologies with High-speed Ultrahigh-Resolution Optical Coherence Tomography

et al. 2006

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Objective-To assess high-speed ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence tomography (OCT) image resolution, acquisition speed, image quality, and retinal coverage for the visualization of macular pathologies. Design-Retrospective cross-sectional study.Participants-Five hundred eighty-eight eyes of 327 patients with various macular pathologies.Methods-High-speed ultrahigh-resolution OCT images were obtained in 588 eyes of 327 patients with selected macular diseases. Ultrahigh-resolution OCT using Fourier/spectral domain detection achieves ~3-μm axial image resolutions, acquisition speeds of ~25 000 axial scans per second, and >3 times finer resolution and >50 times higher speed than standard OCT. Three scan protocols were investigated. The first acquires a small number of high-definition images through the fovea. The second acquires a raster series of high-transverse pixel density images. The third acquires 3-dimensional OCT data using a dense raster pattern. Three-dimensional OCT can generate OCT fundus images that enable precise registration of OCT images with the fundus. Using the OCT fundus images, OCT results were correlated with standard ophthalmoscopic examination techniques. Main Outcome Measures-High-definition macular pathologies.Results-Macular holes, age-related macular degeneration, epiretinal membranes, diabetic retinopathy, retinal dystrophies, central serous chorioretinopathy, and other pathologies were imaged and correlated with ophthalmic examination, standard OCT, fundus photography, and fluorescein angiography, where applicable. High-speed ultrahigh-resolution OCT generates images of retinal pathologies with improved quality, more comprehensive retinal coverage, and more precise registration than standard OCT. The speed preserves retinal topography, thus enabling the visualization of subtle changes associated with disease. High-definition high-transverse pixel density Conclusions-High-definition 3-dimensional imaging using high-speed ultrahigh-resolution OCT improves image quality, retinal coverage, and registration. This new technology has the potential to become a useful tool for elucidating disease pathogenesis and improving disease diagnosis and management.Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a medical imaging technology that can perform highresolution cross-sectional imaging of tissue morphology in situ and in real time. Optical coherence tomography imaging is analogous to ultrasound, except that it uses light rather than sound and measures the echo time delay and magnitude of reflected or backscattered light using low-coherence interferometry. Cross-sectional images are generated by directing an optical beam onto tissue and scanning it in the transverse direction, thus yielding a data set that can be displayed as false-color or grayscale images. Despite the successful clinical application of OCT technology, there are several limitations. Without using techniques such as eye tracking, the total permissible image acquisition time is limited by subject eye motion, which can cause imag...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-Definition and 3-dimensional Imaging of Macular Pathologies with High-speed Ultrahigh-Resolution Optical Coherence Tomography

et al. 2006

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“…[27][28][29] The high speed of spectral domain OCT allows significantly greater coverage of the macular area using raster scanning protocols (eg 128 B-scans, with each B-scan consisting of 512 A-scans). The greater speed of spectral domain OCT also reduces the frequency of eye motion artefacts and allows the creation of three-dimensional reconstructions of the retina.…”

Section: Spectral Domain Octmentioning

confidence: 99%

Imaging chorioretinal vascular disease

Keane

Sadda

2009

Eye

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Since its first description more than 40 years ago, fluorescein angiography had a crucial role in the diagnosis and management of chorioretinal vascular disorders such as neovascular agerelated macular degeneration. Although fluorescein angiography permits visualization of the retinal microcirculation in exquisite detail, visualization of the choroidal circulation is more limited. Moreover, fluorescein angiography provides only minimal information regarding the functional consequences of vascular disease and allows, at best, only semi-quantitative assessment of retinal thickness. In recent years, the development of other chorioretinal imaging modalities, such as indocyanine green angiography, fundus autofluorescence, and optical coherence tomography (OCT), has addressed many of these issues. In particular, OCT has become an integral tool for vitreoretinal specialists as it allows highresolution cross-sectional images of the neurosensory retina to be obtained in a non-invasive manner. The latest generation of commercial OCT technologyFspectral domain OCTFoffers high-speed scanning that allows complete coverage of the macular area, generation of three-dimensional retinal reconstructions, and precise image registration for inter-visit comparisons. The high speed of spectral domain OCT also facilitates B-scan averaging, which reduces speckle noise artefact and allows unparalleled visualization of the outer retina and choroid. In the near future, further advances in OCT technology (eg Doppler OCT) are likely to dramatically enhance the diagnosis and management of patients with chorioretinal vascular disease.

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“…In addition, it has been theoretically predicted and experimentally confirmed that SD-OCT has a higher sensitivity than that of TD-OCT. 4,8 Practically, the SD-OCT method shortens the examination time and thereby reduces eye exposure and image-blurring artifacts. 6,9 The Spectralis OCT is a SD-OCT system that allows high-speed, high-resolution cross-sectional imaging of the retina, with simultaneous OCT and infrared reflectance imaging.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[3][4][5][6][7] In SD detection, the echo time delays of light are measured by Fourier transforming the interference spectrum of the light signal, requiring no mechanical axial scanning, and this results in a higher acquisition speed with respect to TD-OCT. In addition, it has been theoretically predicted and experimentally confirmed that SD-OCT has a higher sensitivity than that of TD-OCT. 4,8 Practically, the SD-OCT method shortens the examination time and thereby reduces eye exposure and image-blurring artifacts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%