Ophthalmic sensing technologies for ocular disease diagnostics

Abstract

Point-of-care diagnosis and personalized treatments are critical in ocular physiology and disease. Continuous sampling of tear fluid for ocular diagnosis is a need for further exploration. Several techniques have been...

Smart Contact Lenses as Wearable Ophthalmic Devices for Disease Monitoring and Health Management

“…The ERG is a diagnostic test that quantifies the electrophysiological activity of various neuronal and non-neuronal cells in the retina under light stimulation. ,− In other words, the ERG measures the electrical potential differences associated with the retina’s response to a light stimulus. It is commonly used in ophthalmology as a standard clinical procedure for the diagnosis of many ocular diseases, such as glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, RP, and other congenital degenerations. − …”

“…Some SCLs are integrated with photonic-based sensors. These sensors are based on photonic crystals, which are periodically structured dielectric materials that exhibit distinct photonic bandgap and diffraction properties upon interacting with specific target analytes. , With these periodic properties of photonic crystals, photonic-based sensors are classified into one-dimensional (i.e., periodic dielectrics occur in one direction), two-dimensional (i.e., periodic dielectrics occur in two directions), and three-dimensional (i.e., periodic dielectrics occur in three directions) photonic crystals. , m λ = 2 n d sin ⁡ θ …”

Microfluidic contact lenses for ocular diagnostics and drug delivery

“…[5,18,19] Contact lenses have further evolved in the last decade by integrating smart microfluidic sensing systems, allowing the screening and diagnosis by tear analyte detection and therapy through drug delivery. [8] In addition to vision correction [9] and health monitoring through tear analytes, [20] functional contact lens technologies have been developed [21] for providing aseptic ocular screening with high quality, [4] disease diagnostics, [22,23] and drug delivery. [24] Minimally-invasive nature of the application and user comfort make contact lenses an attractive platform.…”

“…[8] Particularly, contact lens sensing systems have gained significant attention as they can measure biomarkers and biophysical signals [24][25][26] and monitor pathological conditions of the eye. [22] The tear film, which consists of proteins, electrolytes, and water, is a microfluidic interface between the eye and the external environment. Tear film also protects the homeostasis of the ocular system by supplying oxygen and nutrients to the vascular tissues.…”

“…In addition to vision correction [ 9 ] and health monitoring through tear analytes, [ 20 ] functional contact lens technologies have been developed [ 21 ] for providing aseptic ocular screening with high quality, [ 4 ] disease diagnostics, [ 22,23 ] and drug delivery. [ 24 ] Minimally‐invasive nature of the application and user comfort make contact lenses an attractive platform.…”