Opponent-process additivity-I: Red/green equilibria

Larimer, James; Krantz, David H.; Cicerone, Carol M.

doi:10.1016/0042-6989(74)90209-0

Cited by 152 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Stimuli were delivered for 1 set with an intertrial interval of 20 set of darkness. Wavelengths required for equilibrium were determined by staircase procedures (Larimer et al, 1974 with luminance approximately constant. Staircases for three or more conditions were irregularly infersper&, thereby avoiding anticipatory responses.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Opponent process additivity—II. Yellow/blue equilibria and nonlinear models

1975

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Abstract-A yellow/blue equilibrium Iight is one which appears neither yellowish nor bluish (i.e. uniquely red, uniquely green, or achromatic). The spectral locus of the monochromatic greenish equilibrium (around 500 nm) shows little, if any, variation over a luminance range of .! log,, units. Reddish equilibria are extraspectral. involving mixtures of short-and long-wave light. Their wavelength composition is noninvariant with luminance: a reddish equilibrium light turns bluish-red if luminance is increased with wavelength composition constant.The additive mixture of the reddish and greenish equilibria is again a yellow, blue equilibrium light.We conclude that yellow/blue equilibrium can be described as the zeroing of a nonlinear functional.which is, however, approximately linear in the short-wavelength ("blue") and middle-wavelength ("green") cone responsesand nonlinear only in the long-wavelength ("red") cone response. The "red" cones contribute to yellowness but via a compressive function of luminance. This effect works against the direction of the Bezold-Briicke hue shift. The Jameson-Hurvich yellowiblue chromatic-response function is only approximately correct; the relative values of yellow/blue chromatic response for an equal energy spectrum must vary somewhat with the energy level.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Opponent process additivity—II. Yellow/blue equilibria and nonlinear models

1975

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“…Linear expressions provide acceptable fits to the experimentally determined hue cancellation functions upon which the quantitative model was originally based; hence, they are used in this presentation. Outcomes of experimental tests by a number of investigators are consistent with linearity for the red/green chromatic channel, although for the yellow/blue channel departures from linearity have been found that seem to vary in degree from one observer to the next (16)(17)(18)(19)(20). Because the test measures used as the index of adaptation and recovery in the experiments reported here involve only the red/green system, we can accept the linear relation as an adequate.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 69%

Receptoral and postreceptoral visual processes in recovery from chromatic adaptation.

Jameson¹,

Hurvich²,

Varner³

1979

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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The time course of recovery from chromatic adaptation in human vision was tracked by determining the wavelength of light that appears uniquely yellow (neither red nor green) both before and after exposure to yellowish green and yellowish red adapting lights. Recovery is complete within 5 min after steady light exposure. After exposure to the alternating repeated sequence 10-sec light/b-sec dark, the initial magnitude of the aftereffect is reduced but recovery is retarded. The results are interpreted in terms of two processes located at different levels in the hierarchical organization of the visual system. One is a change in the balance of cone rece tor sensitivities the second is a shift in the equilibrium base~hne between opposite-signed responses of the red/green channel at the opponent-process neural level. The basemine-shift mechanism is effective in the condition in which repeated input signals originating at the receptors are of sufficient strength to activate the system effectively. Hence, this process is revealed in the alternating adaptation condition when the receptors undergo partial recovery after each light exposure, but receptor adaptation during continued steady light exposure effectively protects the subsequent neural systems from continued strong activation.A salient characteristic of the visual system is its adaptability. It adapts to the level of ambient light, which accounts for the broad (orders of magnitude) range of light levels within which useful vision is possible, and also to the spectral weighting of the ambient light, which accounts for the relative stability of the world of colored objects when seen in various artificial and natural conditions of illumination. The changes that occur during light exposure and the recovery to the preexposure state after light stimulation can be assessed for human observers by standard psychophysical techniques appropriate for threshold estimates of visual sensitivity or by suprathreshold measures based on some constant criterion of visual response. Such measurements have shown, in earlier studies, that visual adaptation can be attributed in part to the retinal receptors and their photosensitive pigments which bleach upon absorption of light quanta and regenerate when the flow of incident quanta is diminished (1, 2). However, retinal receptor adaptation alone cannot account for all of the phenomena attendant upon exposure to different levels and spectral distributions of adapting lights. Also implicated are the neural levels (in the retina and possibly also more centrally in the visual system) where excitatory-inhibitory interactions occur, in neural systems that are laterally interrelated, and in temporal rebound or feedback processes (3-6).Our own earlier studies were concerned with relating different steady-state adaptation conditions, whether to different levels of light exposure or to different spectral distributions of adapting light. The study reported here is concerned with the time course of recovery to a neutral equilibrium conditio...

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“…30 However, not all the evidence is consistent with a close linkage between retinal performance and color experience. Color-naming, at least, seems to be decoupled or insulated from other stages in visual processing.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Erratum

2004

Color Research & Application

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Opponent-process additivity-I: Red/green equilibria

Cited by 152 publications

References 12 publications

Opponent process additivity—II. Yellow/blue equilibria and nonlinear models

Opponent process additivity—II. Yellow/blue equilibria and nonlinear models

Receptoral and postreceptoral visual processes in recovery from chromatic adaptation.

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