Opportunities for Combined Heat and Power in Data Centers

Darrow, K.; Hedman, Bruce

doi:10.2172/950807

Cited by 11 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…In the case of Hamina (Finland) the SWAC system cools a data center, which has a thermal load that is constant throughout the year. Data centers are very energy-intensive buildings and already represent 2% of the electricity consumption in some developed countries [18]. Besides computers and electronics, their main energy consumption (20 to 50%) is due to cooling and ventilation, which are necessary to dissipate the heat produced in the circuits.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Technical potential and cost estimates for seawater air conditioning

Hunt

Byers

Sánchez

2019

Energy

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In tropical climates, the energy consumed by ventilation and air conditioning can exceed 50% of the total consumption of a building. Demand for cooling is rising steadily, driven mainly by growing incomes in developing economies, and is expected to also increase with climate change. Tropical, coastal areas with narrow continental shelves are good sites for the implementation of Seawater Air Conditioning (SWAC), a renewable and low CO 2 emission cooling process. This paper presents the existing SWAC projects around the world and gives details on the technology. Data on ocean temperature profiles, ocean bathymetry and world surface temperature are processed with the intent of estimating the world potential of SWAC. The results present the required distance from coast to reach seawater with a temperature of 5 o C or less. This is combined with the potential demand for air conditioning, taking into account surface air temperature and a set SWAC design for cooling from 30 to 20 o C. The pipeline length, seawater depth and capacity factor are then used to estimate the costs of SWAC projects around the world. It is concluded that the locations with the highest potential for SWAC are intertropical islands and some continental locations.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Technical potential and cost estimates for seawater air conditioning

Hunt

Byers

Sánchez

2019

Energy

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“…So far, there have been a few trials to build power plant next to a DC. For example, QUALCOMM has built a GDC plant next to a DC to provide electricity and chilled water to the DC [4]. But, as far as the authors know, this is the first trial to consider http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.suscom.2014.08.010 2210-5379/© 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toward an architecture for integrated gas district cooling with data center control to reduce CO 2 emission

Okitsu¹,

Khamis

Zakaria

et al. 2015

Sustainable Computing: Informatics and Systems

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“…Microturbine units are used to drive high-speed PMSG and are becoming more attractive for on-site generation, in particular for loads under 5 MW that also require cooling and heating [6]. In a CCHP process, the wasted heat, a biproduct of the generating process, is used to produce the necessary cooling required by various pieces of equipment to operate safely, and thus, to improve system efficiency.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…High rotational speeds produce highfrequency voltages that require an ac-ac converter to reduce the generator frequency to the grid frequency [7]. Many reasons are influencing the use of CCHP in DCs: efficiency increases, fossil-fuel energy consumption reductions, distribution line loading reductions, ability to produce cooling using an absorption chiller [6], [8], demand-side management capabilities, and reductions of CO 2 emissions into the atmosphere by a factor of 2 [9]. Fig.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An indirect matrix converter for CCHP microturbines in data center power systems

et al. 2012

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Data centers (DCs) are considered critical loads that require premium power from utilities to ensure reliability at all times. Microturbine (MT) generation systems are becoming important in DCs, not only as distributed generation (DG) for supplying electricity, but also for providing cooling and heating functions, which is known as combined cooling, heat and power (CCHP) or tri-generation. This paper considers the use of an indirect matrix converter (IMC) as the power electronic interface (PEI) to connect a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) with the power grid in a DC. First, the paper analyzes the semiconductor losses for the IMC and the conventional back-to-back converter (BBC) as a function of the switching frequency in order to determine the favorable operating conditions for the IMC. It then presents a new control strategy that does not require measuring the grid voltages to inject the commanded power into the grid at unity power factor. Simulation results of a 15-kVA, 480-Vrms IMC-based MT generation system show the effectiveness of the proposed control technique for this particular application.

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Opportunities for Combined Heat and Power in Data Centers

Cited by 11 publications

References 0 publications

Technical potential and cost estimates for seawater air conditioning

Technical potential and cost estimates for seawater air conditioning

Toward an architecture for integrated gas district cooling with data center control to reduce CO 2 emission

An indirect matrix converter for CCHP microturbines in data center power systems

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