Opportunity, Honor, and Action in the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising of 1943

Sliding Doors of Opportunity: Zapatistas and Their Cycle of Protest

“…Democratic settings are more likely to grant access and substantive concessions to social movements' demands, especially when the state is open and has the capacity to respond to demands presented by dissident actors (Kitschelt 1986;Kriesi et al 1992Kriesi et al , 1995Tarrow 1994). In closed and repressive settings, the lack of opportunities is what triggers mobilization (Einwohner 2003;Kurzman 1996;Loveman 1998;McAdam 1982;Noonan 1995;Rasler 1996;Tarrow 1989). For a movement developing within electoral openings, the effects of these changes on protest activity cannot be predicted consistently because they bring great uncertainty.…”

“…Some scholars examined how open opportunities in well-established Western democratic regimes fostered the emergence, development, and relative success of social movements (Kitschelt 1986;Kriesi et al 1992;Piven and Cloward 1979;Rucht 1996;Tarrow 1994). Others focused on how the lack of political opportunities could trigger mobilizations in authoritarian countries as well as in democratic political systems that continued to be closed to dissident demands (Einwohner 2003;Kurzman 1996;Loveman 1998;McAdam 1982;Noonan 1995;Rasler 1996;Tarrow 1989). Finally, some studies have looked at political opportunities for social mobilization within democratic transitions (Foweraker and Craig 1990;O'Donnell and Schmitter 1986;Pickvance 1995;Zdravomyslova 1996).…”

“…First, it adds to the growing literature applying the political opportunity approach to developing and authoritarian countries by looking at how electoral openings can turn into opportunities or obstacles for a social movement (Einwohner 2003;Kurzman 1996;Loveman 1998;Noonan 1995;Oberschall 1996;Rasler 1996;Zdravomyslova 1996). Second, the study's examination of opportunities at three different levels-local, national, and international-offers a rigorous comparative analysis of the relative effects of those conditions on a movement's cycle of protest.…”

North Central Sociological Association 2012 Ruth and John Useem Plenary Address. Political Renewal: Occupations, Springs, and Tea Parties

“…It has been long observed in the literature that movements have a greater tendency to emerge when those suffering from common conditions are placed in contact with each other (Kim and Bearman 1997;Marwell, Oliver, and Prahl 1988;Van Dyke 1998). For example, various kinds of "ghettos" bring common grievances into sharp relief, facilitating common understanding and analysis of a situation, while making it easier to coordinate action due to close physical proximity (for example, see Einwohner 2003). Historical examples of this concept are plenty.…”

Ethical Considerations on the Use of Archived Testimonies in Holocaust Research: Beyond the IRB Exemption

“…My work on the Holocaust focuses on Jewish resistance: in particular, on the emergence of armed, collective resistance efforts in the Jewish ghettos in Nazi-occupied Eastern Europe (Einwohner 2003(Einwohner , 2009Einwohner and Alper unpublished;Einwohner and Maher 2011). Most of this work employs a small-N study design and uses the ghetto as the unit of analysis.…”