This article examinesattitudes related tofeminism and gender equalityby evaluating the trends in, and determinants 0[, women and men's attitudes from 1974 to 1998.Past accounts suggest two clusters of explanations based on interests and exposure. Using these, we examine opinions on abortion, sexual behavior, public sphere genderroles, and family responsibilities. We find that attitudes have continued to liberalize and converge with the exception of abortion attitudes. The determinants offeminist opinion varyacross domains, but havebeen largely stable. While not identical, thepredictors of men and women's opinions aresimilar. The results suggest the needfor moreattention to the mechanisms underlying the production offeminist opinions and theoretical integration ofboth interests and exposure in adynamie process.The roles associated with women in D.S. society and attitudes about these roles have experienced continued change in recent decades. A strong movement for gender equality, the increased presence of women and especially mothers in the public workforce, shifting demographics of family and parenthood, and more open laws and norms regarding birth control, sexuality,and abortion have all contributed to a dramatic and widespread liberalization of gender role attitudes. In turn, these attitude changes have implications for individual behaviors and opportunities, and for the functioning of society. Indeed, ferninist opinions and gender role attitudes have been connected to marital happiness (Amato & Booth 1995; Kaufman 2000), * We thank Erie Plutzer for supplying information about variable eonstruetion and SASCode and loan Aldous, the members of the Notre Dame Working Group on Politics and Movements, and the anonymous reviewers for eomments on earlier versions of the article. Direet eorrespondenee to Catherine

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The issue of how an activist identity develops is one of the core issues in social psychology and social movement research. Because of problems in the measurement of individuals' propensities to engage in social action, however, findings in this area are often equivocal, and cross-study comparisons and conclusions are difficult to draw. Hence, the aim of these studies was to develop a measure to assess individuals' propensities to engage in social action. This measure, the Activism Orientation Scale (AOS), demonstrates strong psychometric properties and allows assessment of activist propensity across a wide continuum of social action behaviors, ideological positions, and movement issues. Additionally, the broad applicability of the AOS allows for its use by researchers, activists, and policymakers.

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Light scattering is a method that has been employed in dye-sensitized solar cells for optical absorption enhancement. In conventional dye-sensitized solar cells, large TiO(2) particles with sizes comparable to the wavelength of visible light are used as scatterers by either being mixed into the nanocrystalline film to generate light scattering or forming a scattering layer on the top of the nanocrystalline film to reflect the incident light, with the aim to extend the traveling distance of incident light within the photoelectrode film. Recently, hierarchical nanostructures, for example nanocrystallite aggregates (among others), have been applied to dye-sensitized solar cells. When used to form a photoelectrode film, these hierarchical nanostructures have demonstrated a dual function: providing large specific surface area; and generating light scattering. Some other merits, such as the capability to enhance electron transport, have been also observed on the hierarchically structured photoelectrode films. Hierarchical nanostructures possessing an architecture that may provide sufficient internal surface area for dye adsorption and meanwhile may generate highly effective light scattering, make them able to create photoelectrode films with optical absorption significantly more efficient than the dispersed nanoparticles used in conventional dye-sensitized solar cells. This allows reduction of the thickness of the photoelectrode film and thus lowering of the charge recombination in dye-sensitized solar cells, making it possible to increase further the efficiency of existing dye-sensitized solar cells.