Opsonophagocytic dysfunction in patients with liver cirrhosis and low responses to tumor necrosis factor-α and lipopolysaccharide in patients’ blood

Störungen des angeborenen Immunsystems bei akuten und chronischen Lebererkrankungen

“…It is generally accepted that intrinsic cellular defects play only a minor role [75]. Alterations in humoral factors important for the innate immune system have been reported, such as defects in opsonization [76], and have been attributed to a decrease in protein synthesis due to the liver insufficiency itself and perhaps also to malnutrition. The impact of nutrition on immune function is well described in several diseases, and the therapeutic use of functional food is the subject of several studies [77].…”

“…In chronic liver disease, malnutrition has been correlated with a decrease in IL-1 production, suggesting the important role of nutrition in the cell-mediated immune response [78]. Nev- [85,89,90] increased bacterial products levels TLR dysregulation immune tolerance [117,118] liver insufficiency and malnutrition defects in protein synthesis decreased opsonization [76] ertheless, the decrease in expression of macrophage Fc gamma receptor that was found to correlate with severe bacterial infections in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis could not be linked to malnutrition [79].…”

Infections in Cirrhotics: Types, Microbiological Spectrum and Risk Factors—5-Year Cohort Study

“…Alteration in complement levels further contributes to CAIDS as evidenced by hypocomplementinemia where C3, C4, and CH50 are decreased both in serum and ascitic fluid [15]. Hepatic damage in chronic liver disease is responsible for hyperglobulinemia and cellular immune response inhibitions [16].…”

Intracranial fungal infections in chronic liver disease: a report of two cases

“…2 The following defences are impaired in cirrhosis leading to increased susceptibility to infections: (i) Liver kupffer cells and sinusoidal endothelial cells (account 90% of reticuloendothelial system); 3 (ii) leukocyte activation, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, cytokine secretion, oxidative burst and microbicidal activity; 4 (iii) peripheral CD4 T-lymphocytes, complement levels, immunoglobulins. [5][6][7] Associated portosystemic shunting, hypersplenism, malnutrition, alcoholism, and immunosuppressive medication [5][6][7] further increase the susceptibility to infections. Additional risk factors predisposing to invasive fungal infections are exposure to broad-spectrum antimicrobials, cancer chemotherapy, indwelling vascular catheters, total parenteral nutrition, prior gastrointestinal surgery, renal failure, haemodialysis, transplantation and diabetes.…”