Optical Amplification in Eu$^{3+}$-Doped DNA-Based Biopolymer

Abstract

Europium Eu -doped deoxyribonucleic acid-cetyltrimethylammonium (DNA-CTMA) biopolymers have been prepared and characterized optically. Quartz capillary tube encapsulated Eu -doped biopolymeric waveguides have been fabricated via a simple withdrawal molding technique. Optical amplification at 612-nm wavelength has been demonstrated in these waveguide devices, and the signal enhancements for different lengths of the devices have been measured. A maximum signal enhancement of 24 dB has been obtained for a 15-mm-long device.

Organic solid‐state integrated amplifiers and lasers

“…Recently, Eu(TTFA) complex-doped deoxyribonucleic acidcetyltrimethylammonium (DNA-CTMA) biopolymers have been tested as amplifiers. A maximum signal enhancement of 24 dB was obtained at 612-nm wavelength for a 15-mmlong device [246].…”

“…There are a number of reports on demonstration of optical gain in polymer waveguides doped with different rareearth ions, including europium (Eu 3+ ) [244][245][246][247][248], samarium (Sm 3+ ) [249], erbium (Er 3+ ) or erbium/ytterbium (Er 3+ /Yb 3+ ) [61,65,250,251] and neodymium (Nd 3+ ) [51,241,[252][253][254][255].…”

“…In most of the existing reports the Eu 3+ ions were introduced in the host by using the complex europium thenoyltrifluoroacetonate [Eu(TTFA)], whose β -diketonate ligands (TTFA) acted as efficient antenna and transfered the pump energy to the Eu 3+ ions [244][245][246][247][248]. Waveguides were fabricated with a molding technique in quartz capillary tubes and their optical pumping was carried with nitrogen lasers (337 nm, 4 ns, 10 Hz).…”

Optical Gain at 637 nm Wavelength in Polymer Waveguide Amplifier Under Commercial LED Pumping for Planar Photonic Integration

“…For optical amplification in the red region, ongoing research mainly focused on the organic dyedoped [4][5][6] and rare-earth Eu 3+ ions or Er 3+ ion-doped polymer waveguide amplifiers. [7][8][9][10] The organic dye-doped optical amplifier pumped with a 575 nm pulsed laser achieved a relative gain of 9.3 dB cm −1 at 650 nm in a waveguide with a cross-section of 7 µm × 100 µm. [11] The rare-earth Eu 3+ ions-doped waveguide amplifier pumped with a 351 nm laser showed a gain of 8.6 dB cm −1 at 612 nm with a cross-section of 2.7 µm × 100 µm.…”

“…[9] In addition to the waveguide amplifiers mentioned above, almost all waveguide amplifiers, such as Er 3+ -doped inorganic materials, [12][13][14] Nd 3+ -doped polymer [15][16][17] frequently select LDs as pump sources. In the pumping mode, either light-beam spatial coupling [7,10,17] or a wavelength division multiplexer (WDM) [12,18,19] is generally used to combine the signal laser with a pump laser. The light beam spatial coupling possess the disadvantage of limiting the amplifier to a 1D axial space, as shown in Figure 1a, which is not conducive to the application of Optical gains at 637 nm wavelength using light-emitting diodes (LEDs) instead of traditional semiconductor lasers as pumping sources are demonstrated in the organic molecule 2,6-bis[4-(diphenylamino)phenyl]-9,10-anthracenedione (AQ(PhDPA) 2 )-doped polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and SU-8 polymer waveguides.…”