“…Titania is a unique material given its versatile properties and is used for a wide variety of applications due to these properties, such as high photochemical corrosive resistance, nontoxicity, strong oxidizing power, high dielectric constant, transparency, high refractive index, resistance to chemical and physical impacts, and cost-effectiveness [4][5][6][7][8]. Due to these unique properties, it has great potential in different applications, such as electrical insulation, optical waveguides, anti-reflection coatings, capacitors or gates in microelectronic devices, bio, and gas sensors, and photovoltaic solar cells [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16].…”