Optical diagnostics of the combustion process in a PFI SI boosted engine fueled with butanol–gasoline blend

Experimental investigation of combustion, emissions and thermal balance of secondary butyl alcohol-gasoline blends in a spark ignition engine

“…However, owing to the lower calorific value of 2-butanol, all blended fuels cannot match the output power produced by G100. These findings further support the idea that to produce an equal in-cylinder pressure, the 2-butanol blends must achieve at least 40% butanol and 60% gasoline [71]. Fig.…”

Impact of higher n-butanol addition on combustion and performance of GDI engine in stoichiometric combustion

“…2(a) that with increased butanol fraction, the pressure peak and the rate peak of heat release ascend, and the peak crank angle occur earlier. This is due to faster n-butanol combustion compared with gasoline [34], so in favor of improving the degree of constant volume heat release during combustion. Moreover, it is observed in Fig.…”

Optical diagnostics of early flame development in a DISI (direct injection spark ignition) engine fueled with n-butanol and gasoline

“…Later on, high blending ratios with gasoline have been tested [18], as well as the effect of exhaust gas recirculation [19]. More comprehensive studies that involved flame characterization through digital imaging revealed that boosted operation featured similar flame propagation and diffusive combustion near the valves region, with gasoline and its mixture with the alcohol [20]; localized fuel film also had an effect on knocking [21]. It has been found that when proper fuel evaporation can be ensured, the higher butanol laminar flame speed compared to gasoline [22] results in faster flame development [23] and improved performance [24,25].…”