Optical fiber switches

Iqbal, M. Kaleem; Iqbal, M. Usman; Iqbal, Muhammad Jawed; Iqbal, Muzammil

doi:10.1109/icosst.2012.6472825

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…The most important caveat to the OTN service is ensuring all node interconnect points along the path use Optical-Optical-Optical (OOO) switching instead of the more common (and easier) Optical Electronic Optical (OEO) switching method [10]. As noted earlier in the discussion about PTP operating characteristics, the need for path symmetry is crucial.…”

Section: Common Carrier Leased Optical Transport Networkervicementioning

confidence: 99%

Implementing a Terrestrial Timing Solution: Best Practices

Christopher,

Engebretsen,

Diamond

2023

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This document is an overview and guide on the concept of precision time and how an alternative terrestrial timing solution to the Global Positioning System (GPS) can be implemented. What follows is a set of recommendations and best practices, derived from research at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), across industry, and within the U.S. government, to implement a system of precision timing synchronization to support resilient operations for the U.S. grid. Precision time is a fundamental necessity for operating the grid today, and it becomes even more important as the grid modernizes with clean energy sources, microgrids, and precision sensors placed throughout the grid system to ensure failureresistant operations. The Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), which includes (GPS), is currently the primary provider of precision timing today. A terrestrial-based system for time delivery and synchronization to augment GPS is outlined below and it would provide secure time, synchronized with Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), in the event of outages or other interruptions associated with time delivery.

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Section: Common Carrier Leased Optical Transport Networkervicementioning

confidence: 99%

Implementing a Terrestrial Timing Solution: Best Practices

Christopher,

Engebretsen,

Diamond

2023

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“…The ideological position of Iqbal made it clear that ‘European democracy cannot be applied to India without recognising the fact of communal groups. Hence, the ‘Muslim demand for the creation of a Muslim India within India is… perfectly justified’ (Iqbal, 1944, p. #[3a]). About 70 million Muslims in India, he contended, were ‘far more homogeneous than any other people in India’, consequently, the only group that could qualify for the status of ‘a nation in the modern sense of the word’.…”

Section: Indian National Movement: the South Asian Laboratorymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Hindus were still aspiring to become a ‘homogeneous’ nation. Therefore, the problem of India was not that of constituting a nation—it was an inter-national problem (Iqbal, 1944, p. #[9a, 9b]).…”

Section: Indian National Movement: the South Asian Laboratorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Differentiation, Integration and Exclusion: Dynamics and Challenges to Nation-Building

Mukherji

2022

Sociological Bulletin

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Ethnicity, nation, nationalism and the nation-state have been politically volatile concepts marked by ambiguities and predominantly Eurocentric bias. These have impacted the formation of states and the dynamics within them. Is the nation-state the exclusive domain of ethno-nations forming a territorial state by exercising the right of self-determination? The emancipation of post-colonial states added a new dimension to the on-going discourse; among these, the contribution of the Indian subcontinent is prominent. Their leaders who were in the forefront of the freedom struggle were not only familiar with this discourse, but actually played out their politics on the basis of either subscribing to, or, in outright rejection of, the Eurocentric model. The latter, argued for, and established, a civic-secular nation-state that admitted ethnic plurality and class realities of equality, within an overarching civilisational bonding. This article examines how this dynamic played itself out in the laboratory of South Asia, particularly, with reference to the formations of India and Pakistan. Their top leaders Mahatma Gandhi and Quad-e-Azam Jinnah held opposing views on the concept of the nation and nation-state. I have argued that the Indian nation-state has steadily evolved through a continuous zig-zag process of differentiation and integration. In recent times, a new contradiction has surfaced out of believers in ethno-nation, introducing a volatile churning in the political process.

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“…In the Javidnama, he cites the Prophet's dictum "I have a time with God to which not even Gabriel has access" in order to start his imaginary journey to the heavens and discuss with departed philosophers and politicians. 48 Because God is an ego, too, time stands still for God: "But real time is not serial time to which the distinction of past, present, and future is essential; it is pure duration, i.e. change without succession.…”

Section: 4mentioning

confidence: 99%

Muhammad Iqbal – Reconstructing Islam along Occidental Lines of Thought

Popp

2019

J. Relig. Transf. Cont. Soc.

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The philosopher Muhammad Iqbal is officially seen as the inventor of the idea of Pakistan and is considered to be the national poet of the country. Indeed, he is one of the most important Islamic modernists, a source of inspiration for enlightened Islam today, and one of the great philosophers of life in the first half of the 20th century. This article explains the main concepts of philosophy: “self”, “love”, “intuition”, his philosophy of time, his concept of Islam, and his critique of the West. It then traces the influences on his thought from Islamic thinkers, from the Western philosophers Fichte, Kant, Nietzsche, and Bergson, and the Influence of the Indian society he was living in. Iqbal claimed that all his ideas derived from his thorough reading of the Quran. However, the questions that shaped his answers were very much in the form of the European philosophy of the time, and in that of the discourses of his society too.

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Optical fiber switches

Cited by 7 publications

References 5 publications

Implementing a Terrestrial Timing Solution: Best Practices

Implementing a Terrestrial Timing Solution: Best Practices

Differentiation, Integration and Exclusion: Dynamics and Challenges to Nation-Building

Muhammad Iqbal – Reconstructing Islam along Occidental Lines of Thought

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