Optical modulators

Reed, Graham T.; Thomson, David J.; Zhang, Weiwei; Gardes, Frederic Y.; Mastronardi, Lorenzo; Li, Ke; Matsuo, Shinji; Kanazawa, Shigeru; Vivien, Laurent; Lafforgue, Christine; Bowers, John E.; Koos, C.; Romagnoli, M.; Lončar, Marko; Zhang, Mian; Abel, Stefan; Liao, Ling

doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-91224-2.00011-4

Integrated Photonics for Data Communication Applications 2023

DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-91224-2.00011-4

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Optical modulators

Graham T. Reed¹,

David J. Thomson²,

Weiwei Zhang³

et al.

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Cited by 9 publications

References 180 publications

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Energy and Power Requirements for Alteration of the Refractive Index

Khurgin

2024

Laser & Photonics Reviews

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The ability to manipulate the refractive index is a fundamental principle underlying numerous photonic devices. Various techniques exist to modify the refractive index across diverse materials, making performance comparison far from straightforward. In evaluating these methods, power consumption emerges as a key performance characteristic, alongside bandwidth and footprint. Here a comprehensive comparison of the energy and power requirements for the most well‐known index change schemes is undertaken. The findings reveal that while the energy per volume for index change remains within one or two orders of magnitude across different techniques and materials, the power consumption required to achieve switching, 100% modulation, or 100% frequency conversion can differ significantly, spanning many orders of magnitude. As it turns out, the material used has less influence on power reduction than the specific resonant or traveling wave scheme employed to enhance the interaction time between light and matter. Though this work is not intended to serve as a design guide, it does establish the limitations and trade‐offs involved in index modulation, thus providing valuable insights for photonics practitioners.

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Energy and Power Requirements for Alteration of the Refractive Index

Khurgin

2024

Laser & Photonics Reviews

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Photoelectric analysis of the electroabsorption modulator

Qatan,

Salih,

Abdulnabi

2024

J Opt

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Plasmonic-based electro-absorption modulator integrated with different dielectric materials at 1.55 µm wavelength

Das

2024

e-Prime - Advances in Electrical Engineering, Electronics and E

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Optical modulators

Cited by 9 publications

References 180 publications

Energy and Power Requirements for Alteration of the Refractive Index

Energy and Power Requirements for Alteration of the Refractive Index

Photoelectric analysis of the electroabsorption modulator

Plasmonic-based electro-absorption modulator integrated with different dielectric materials at 1.55 µm wavelength

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