“…In terms of nanomaterials, TiO 2 nanowires, nanorods, nanofibers, nanotubes, nanobelts, nanowhiskers, nanospheres, and nanoflowers, among others, have been described (Figure 4) [36][37][38][151][152][153][154][155][156]. TiO 2 thin films have been also largely investigated [157][158][159]. Various techniques have been reported for producing TiO 2 nanostructures or thin films including wet-chemical techniques [160,161], the sol-gel method [84,158], thermal evaporation [162], magnetron sputtering [163,164], anodization [165,166], electrodeposition [167,168], the gas jet fiber spinning process [103], electrospinning [104,169], hydrothermal and solvothermal synthesis [170][171][172][173], and microwave irradiation [15,36,38], among several other methods.…”