Optical Readout Technology for Large Volume Liquid Argon Detectors

McConkey, N.; Barker, G. J.; Bennieston, Andrew J.; Harrison, P. F.; Lightfoot, P. K.; Morgan, B.; Stewart, D. Y.; Spooner, N. J. C.; Ramachers, Y. A.

doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysbps.2011.04.023

Cited by 8 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 5 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…. Liquid Ar CRAD with GAPD (SiPM) optical readout of THGEM plate immersed in the liquid [26], [55], [56]. Two-phase CRAD with Two-Phase Photoelectric Gate, i.e.…”

Section: Cryogenic Gaseous Photomultiplier (Gpm) With Csi Photocathodementioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Advances in Cryogenic Avalanche Detectors

Buzulutskov

2012

J. Inst.

125

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Cryogenic Avalanche Detectors (CRADs) are referred to as a new class of noblegas detectors operated at cryogenic temperatures with electron avalanching performed directly in the detection medium, the latter being in gaseous, liquid or two-phase (liquid-gas) state. Electron avalanching is provided by Micro-Pattern Gas Detector (MPGD) multipliers, in particular GEMs and THGEMs, operated at cryogenic temperatures in dense noble gases. The final goal for this kind of detectors is the development of large-volume detectors of ultimate sensitivity for rare-event experiments and medical applications, such as coherent neutrinonucleus scattering, direct dark matter search, astrophysical (solar and supernova) neutrino detection experiments and Positron Emission Tomography technique. This review is the first attempt to summarize the results on CRAD performances obtained by different groups. A brief overview of the available CRAD concepts is also given and the most remarkable CRAD physics effects are discussed.Earlier attempts to obtain high and stable electron avalanching directly in noble gases and liquids at cryogenic temperatures, using "open-geometry" gaseous multipliers, have not been very successful: rather low gains (≤10) were observed in liquid Xe [2],[3],[4] and Ar [2],[5] and low gains (≤100) in gaseous Ar [6] and He [7] at low temperatures, using wire, needle or microstrip proportional counters. Moreover, two-phase detectors with wire chamber readout, which initially seemed to solve the problem, turned out to have unstable operation in the avalanche mode due to vapour condensation on wire electrodes [8].The problem of electron avalanching in cryogenic noble-gas detectors has been solved [1] after introduction of Micro-Pattern Gas Detectors (MPGDs), namely those of hole-type: Gas Electron Multipliers (GEMs) [9] and thick GEMs (THGEMs) [10]. Contrary to wire chambers and other "open geometry" gaseous multipliers, cascaded GEM and THGEM structures have a unique ability to operate in dense noble gases at high gains [11], including at cryogenic temperatures and in the two-phase mode [12].Consequently at present, the basic idea of Cryogenic Avalanche Detectors in the narrow sense is that of the combination of MPGDs with cryogenic noble-gas detectors, operated in a gaseous, liquid or two-phase mode. We call such detectors "CRyogenic Avalanche Detectors" and suggest the following short-name for those -CRADs; it will be used throughout in the following. This review is the first attempt to summarize the results on CRAD performances obtained by different groups, presenting those in a systematic way. A brief overview of the available CRAD concepts is also given and the most remarkable CRAD physics effects are discussed. Cryogenic Avalanche Detector (CRAD) concepts: brief overviewThere are at least a dozen of different CRAD types developed by different groups over the past 8 years. In this chapter this variety is systemized: a brief overview of CRAD concepts is given, namely that of the basic CRAD concepts and CRAD concepts re...

show abstract

“…. Liquid Ar CRAD with GAPD (SiPM) optical readout of THGEM plate immersed in the liquid [26], [55], [56]. Two-phase CRAD with Two-Phase Photoelectric Gate, i.e.…”

Section: Cryogenic Gaseous Photomultiplier (Gpm) With Csi Photocathodementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The appropriate concept for such a CRAD is depicted in Fig. 13 [55], [56]. The concept is based on the physical effect of noble liquid electroluminescence.…”

Section: Vuv Electroluminescence In Liquid Armentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in Cryogenic Avalanche Detectors

Buzulutskov

2012

J. Inst.

125

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Tetraphenyl butadiene (TPB) is used as a WLS, deposited on the SiPMs by vacuum evaporation [5], or dissolved in a plastic binder and painted on the active surface of the photosensors [6]. This solution is proved to ensure an adequate response of the SiPMs to the electroluminescence light of xenon and argon gases [4]- [6]. The TPB requires on the other hand, stringent storage and operational conditions to avoid ageing due to hydration and oxidation and to ensure the long-term stability of the coatings.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs) coupled to scintillators are nowadays widely used for imaging in a variety of high energy and nuclear physics experiments [1,2]. These devices offer very attractive features for optical imaging in large-scale electroluminescent noble-gas time projection chambers (TPCs) used in double-beta decay or dark matter searches [3,4], mainly cost-effectiveness, a response level comparable to that of photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) and radiopurity. SiPMs are however insensitive to the VUV scintillation of noble gases (peak at 175 nm in xenon and at 129 nm in argon), which requires the use of a wavelength shifter (WLS) to convert the VUV light into visible light to which these devices are most sensitive (peak at 430 nm).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Imaging with SiPMs in noble-gas detectors

Yahlali¹,

Fernandes²,

González³

et al. 2013

J. Inst.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) are photosensors widely used for imaging in a variety of high energy and nuclear physics experiments. In noble-gas detectors for double-beta decay and dark matter experiments, SiPMs are attractive photosensors for imaging. However they are insensitive to the VUV scintillation emitted by the noble gases (xenon and argon). This difficulty is overcome in the NEXT experiment by coating the SiPMs with tetraphenyl butadiene (TPB) to convert the VUV light into visible light. TPB requires stringent storage and operational conditions to prevent its degradation by environmental agents. The development of UV sensitive SiPMs is thus of utmost interest for experiments using electroluminescence of noble-gas detectors. It is in particular an important issue for a robust and background free β β 0ν experiment with xenon gas aimed by NEXT. The photon detection efficiency (PDE) of UV-enhanced SiPMs provided by Hamamatsu was determined for light in the range 250-500 nm. The PDE of standard SiPMs of the same model (S10362-33-50C), coated and non-coated with TPB, was also determined for comparison. In the UV range 250-350 nm, the PDE of the standard SiPM is shown to decrease strongly, down to about 3%. The UV-enhanced SiPM without window is shown to have the maximum PDE of 44% at 325 nm and 30% at 250 nm. The PDE of the UV-enhanced SiPM with silicon resin window has a similar trend in the UV range, although it is about 30% lower. The TPB-coated SiPM has shown to have about 6 times higher PDE than the non-coated SiPM in the range 250-315 nm. This is however below the performance of the UV-enhanced prototypes in the same wavelength range. Imaging in noble-gas detectors using UV-enhanced SiPMs is discussed.

show abstract

“…There are more than a dozen different concepts with charge and light amplification in two-phase and liquid detectors developed by different groups since 2003: their gallery by 2012 is shown in Figure 13. For their detailed description, we refer to review [4] and appropriate references listed in the figure: [15,25,35,40,[43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54]. The references to such concepts and their realization after 2012 are as follows: [24,[55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62].…”

Section: Charge Signal Amplification Concepts At Cryogenic Temperaturesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electroluminescence and Electron Avalanching in Two-Phase Detectors

Buzulutskov

2020

Instruments

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Electroluminescence and electron avalanching are the physical effects used in two-phase argon and xenon detectors for dark matter searches and neutrino detection, to amplify the primary ionization signal directly in cryogenic noble-gas media. We review the concepts of such light and charge signal amplification, including a combination thereof, both in the gas and in the liquid phase. Puzzling aspects of the physics of electroluminescence and electron avalanching in two-phase detectors are explained, and detection techniques based on these effects are described.

show abstract

Optical Readout Technology for Large Volume Liquid Argon Detectors

Cited by 8 publications

References 5 publications

Advances in Cryogenic Avalanche Detectors

Advances in Cryogenic Avalanche Detectors

Imaging with SiPMs in noble-gas detectors

Electroluminescence and Electron Avalanching in Two-Phase Detectors

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About