“…In part, this is due to the apparent conflict between the optimal material properties required by electrochemical and photonic sensors; electrochemistry requires materials of high conductivity, that is, high doping density, while ideal photonic materials have a low doping density in order to minimize free carrier losses. For example, a doping density of nE10 18 cm À 3 , which leads to a moderate conductivity of E45 S cm À 1 , is already sufficient to limit the Q-factor (resonance frequency divided by the spectral width at half maximum) to B10,000-much lower than the typical values of 40,000-140,000 associated with microring resonator sensors 7,8,12,13 .…”