Optical sensor for noncontact measurement of lignin content in high-speed moving paper surfaces

Ramasubramanian, Melur K.; Venditti, Richard A.; Ammineni, Chandini Muniratnam; Mallapragada, V.

doi:10.1109/jsen.2005.851007

Cited by 31 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…An optical sensor that can measure the amount of lignin present in paper based on fluorescence has been developed at North Carolina State University [4] [5] [6] [13] [14]. This sensor is highly efficient in measuring the amount of lignin in samples.…”

Section: Lignin Sensormentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Details of lignin sensor design and its performance are presented in detail elsewhere [4]. The lignin sensor produces a proportional output to the amount of lignin present in the sample.…”

Section: Lignin Sensormentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The lignin sensor produces a proportional output to the amount of lignin present in the sample. The sensor was also tested on moving paper samples on a conveyor at 2.5 m/min and the sensor was able to successfully identify between, office paper, TMP, groundwood (newsprint), and bleached sulfite pulp [4]. An example plot from a dynamic test with a high lignin and a low lignin sample strips alternating on a moving belt (a belt sander) is shown in Fig.…”

Section: Lignin Sensormentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It was found that the sensor results are affected by color present on the surface of the paper and the distance of the sensor from the sample at the time of measurement [4]. A distance versus intensity calibration curve was generated and used as a correction for the measured intensity.…”

Section: Lignin Sensormentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mechatronic Design and Control of a Waste Paper Sorting System for Efficient Recycling

Venditti¹,

Ramasubramanian²

2007

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Sorting of paper into compatible grades is a necessaryKeywords: Sorting, waste paper, lignin, stiffness, gloss, color, fuzzy logic INTRODUCTIONRecycling of paper and paper related products are very important for sustainable economic growth. It helps save landfill space and costs and reduces the energy requirements for paper manufacturing since the energy that is needed to produce recycled fibers is much lower than energy required to produce virgin fibers from wood. Paper recycling reduces the rate of consumption of precious natural resources (wood, water, minerals, and fossil fuel). It is estimated that one ton of paper fibers from recycled stock saves approximately 17 to 31 trees, 7000 gallons (26500 liters) of water, 4,000 KWh of electricity, and 60 pounds (27.2 Kg) of air pollutants that would otherwise be produced [1]. In the US 100 million tons of paper a year is consumed--for everything from daily newspapers to books and cardboard boxes. It has also been established that 50% of all the paper being produced is discarded immediately after the first use and that almost all of it can be recycled [2]. Current recycling rate is about 50%. Paper products are the number one contributor to landfill volume. This highlights the importance of having an efficient recycling system for paper. Before waste paper can be recycled, it has to be sorted into the various grades. Paper is broadly classified into the following grades for the purposes of recycling groups: Newsprint, Coated Sheet, Colored Free Sheet, White Free Sheet, Board, and Mixed Waste.Currently waste paper is either sorted by the consumer prior to disposal or not sorted at all. At the municipal waste sorting plants, it is mostly carried out manually. Here the paper waste is broadly classified as brown paperboard, newspaper, and mixed office waste. But the inability of the human eye to distinguish between coated inferior grades and good grades result in sorted office waste containing high-grade paper contaminated by similar looking low-grade paper, which reduces the overall fiber quality when they are recycled together. The throughput from these manual sorting facilities is also very low. A typical manual conveyor operates at 75 feet per minute (22.86 m/min). A recently conducted research has also concluded that laborers working at the manual sorting facilities are exposed to microorganisms, organic dust, fungi which cause severe infections [3]. Hence there is an important need to automate the sorting process for efficient recycling.To develop an efficient automated sorting system, robust sensors that can measure various physical and optical properties of paper are necessary. The physical characteristic of paperboard is its high stiffness compared to other grades of paper; the characteristic of newsprint is its high lignin content; coated papers have high gloss; and non-office papers are generally not white and have high color content. In order to sort the papers into various grades, one needs to measure the stiffness of specimens, the chemical conten...

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Section: Lignin Sensormentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Details of lignin sensor design and its performance are presented in detail elsewhere [4]. The lignin sensor produces a proportional output to the amount of lignin present in the sample.…”

Section: Lignin Sensormentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Lignin Sensormentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Lignin Sensormentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mechatronic Design and Control of a Waste Paper Sorting System for Efficient Recycling

Venditti¹,

Ramasubramanian²

2007

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“…Colored paper can be identified by using a high speed camera or matrices of discrete color sensors. A lignin sensor which can distinguish between office paper and newsprint was described in [Ramasubramanian et al 2005;Mallapragada et al 2004;Nilsson et al 2001;Roman and Jeffers 1992]. Large amounts of lignin, a fluorescing chemical compound, is present in newsprint fibers and not in copy paper fibers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Behavior of paper on a high speed conveyor subjected to air jet impingement: a method for estimating bending stiffness

Ramasubramanian

Venditti

Katuri

2007

JOMMS

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Stiffness based sorting of mixed paper waste at high speed is desirable for sorting board, cardstock, and paper from each other for efficient recycling. We propose a quick, non-contact method for measuring the relative stiffness of paper samples moving on a conveyor at high speeds. The method consists of impinging an air jet on a moving paper sample while it is crossing a gap during transfer from one conveyor belt to another. The deflection caused by the impinging air jet can be measured and used to categorize different grades of paper. In this paper, we report results from a simulation of the proposed method using a finite element model. Influence of conveyor speed, sample orientation and nozzle pressure is studied using the model. Results indicate that the stiffness estimation has sufficient resolution to distinguish between board and paper grades at high conveyor speeds.

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Recyclable Waste Paper Sorting Using Template Matching

Rahman

Hussain

Scavino

et al. 2009

Lecture Notes in Computer Science

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Optical sensor for noncontact measurement of lignin content in high-speed moving paper surfaces

Cited by 31 publications

References 11 publications

Mechatronic Design and Control of a Waste Paper Sorting System for Efficient Recycling

Mechatronic Design and Control of a Waste Paper Sorting System for Efficient Recycling

Behavior of paper on a high speed conveyor subjected to air jet impingement: a method for estimating bending stiffness

Recyclable Waste Paper Sorting Using Template Matching

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