Optical wireless APD receivers in 035 µm HV CMOS technology with large detection area

Milovančev, Dinka; Brandl, Paul; Jukić, Tomislav; Steindl, Bernhard; Vokić, Nemanja; Zimmermann, Horst

doi:10.1364/oe.27.011930

Cited by 10 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Prior to background light variation, the transmitter was placed at the distance of 25 m where BER value was lower than 10 -9 to top the signal above the initial error-free margin. At this distance the BER level was comparable to the BER levels in our previous studies [22], [31], [32] when also the influence of the background illuminance was measured. The BER dependence on the illuminance levels of the adjustable background light sources is shown in Fig.…”

Section: Background Light Interferencesupporting

confidence: 84%

“…The generated dc background photocurrent is a source of shot noise which is very detrimental to APD receivers since it is amplified by the internal APD gain together with the signal. In [22], the optical spectrum of the artificial light sources measured with an AvaSoft spectrometer is given; additionally, for reference, a lab lighting spectrum is also provided. The lab lighting has a fluorescent spectrum which is commonly found in indoor facilities, especially industrial ones [33].…”

Section: Background Light Interferencementioning

confidence: 99%

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VLC Using 800-μm Diameter APD Receiver Integrated in Standard 0.35-μm BiCMOS Technology

et al. 2021

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The fully integrated 800 μm. diameter avalanche photodiode optical receiver is implemented in 0.35 μm BiCMOS technology without any process modifications. The integrated receiver reaches sensitivities of-33 dBm at 1 Gbit/s and-29.3 dBm at 2 Gbit/s. The reached sensitivities are well within the state-of-the-art of integrated avalanche photodiode receivers and can even be compared to a hybrid avalanche photodiode receiver comprised of high-performing commercial components. The performance of the designed receiver was verified in visible light communication experiments. The receiver could reach up to 16.5 m at 2 Gbit/s and 27 m at 1 Gbit/s of error free transmission distance using a 675-nm point laser source as transmitter. The common indoor illuminance levels up to 500 lux could be tolerated when pointed directly towards the receiver. High sensitivity and high speed make this integrated receiver suitable for future optical wireless communication systems, where due to its integrated nature the manufacturing cost can be lowered, and at the same time the design is compact in size and easy to assemble and scale. Furthermore, no optics is used in front of the receiver due to its large area resulting in a wide field of view.

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Section: Background Light Interferencesupporting

confidence: 84%

Section: Background Light Interferencementioning

confidence: 99%

VLC Using 800-μm Diameter APD Receiver Integrated in Standard 0.35-μm BiCMOS Technology

et al. 2021

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“…The thickness of this intrinsic absorption zone was about 10 µm. The breakdown voltage of this pin-photodiode-(Bi)CMOS APD was about 35 V. Another possibility to obtain a thick absorption zone in a high-voltage (HV) CMOS technology was the partial compensation of the doping concentration of a deep p-well and of the p epitaxial layer, by implementation of an additional deep n-well [31] (see Figure 1b). The breakdown voltage of this HV-CMOS APD was about 68 V, which is, however, well within the isolation capability of the transistors of 100 V in this process.…”

Section: Integrated Apd Receiversmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It should be mentioned that, with error correction (BER = 2 × 10 −3 ), the sensitivity improves by about 6 dB to −35.3 dBm at 2 Gb/s and by 5.5 dB to −38.5 dBm at 1 Gb/s [30]. Receivers with the HV-APD were realized with APD diameters of 200 and 400 µm and showed for 675 nm, 1 Gb/s, BER = 10 −9 , and PRBS31 sensitivities of −35.5 and −34.7 dBm [31], respectively.…”

Section: Integrated Apd Receiversmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bit Error Performance of APD and SPAD Receivers in Optical Wireless Communication

Mahmoudi

Zimmermann

2021

Electronics

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This review concentrates on the state-of-the-art hardware-oriented receiver aspects for optical wireless communication (OWC), and points to the importance of BER performance analysis and modeling in presence of non-perpendicular light incidence. Receivers in OWC networks for 6G applications have to work for strongly different light incidence angles, to allow the formation of connections to locally separated transceivers without the need for rotation units and accurate adjustment. In turn, and in combination with fully integrated optical receivers, reduction of cost and increased comfort can be achieved. Fully integrated [bipolar] complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor ([Bi]CMOS) receivers with on-chip avalanche photodiodes (APDs) and single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) are presented and their performance in optical wireless communication is summarized. Impressive data rates up to 2 Gbit/s and free-space transmission distances up to 27 m at bit error ratios (BER) below 10−9 are reached with linear-mode APD receivers. The importance of optical interference in the isolation and passivation stack on top of the integrated photodiodes is illuminated. To be able to predict the dependence of the BER of single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) receivers on the light incidence angle, a model, which includes a model for the photon detection probability and a standing-wave model for the isolation and passivation stack, is extended. The dependence of the BER on the light incidence angle onto the photodiodes is investigated by electromagnetic simulation for optical transmission of the layers on top of the photodiode, device simulation for the avalanche triggering probability and BER modeling with MATLAB. It is found that incidence angles up to 30° have moderate influence on the BER and that the BER degrades significantly for incidence angles larger than 50°.

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“…There has been some work on optimizing receivers for OW. In a work reported in [84] low capacitance detectors were grown and combined with CMOS preamplifiers design to be tolerant to high-input capacitance, and in [85][86][87] high data-rate designs have been pursued. Integrated transceivers and high-speed transimpedance amplifiers are also reported in [88][89][90].…”

Section: Receiversmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transmitter and receiver technologies for optical wireless

O’Brien

Rajbhandari

Chun

2020

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A.

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Providing a reliable link, with sufficient signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and bandwidth to deliver high-capacity communications is a critical challenge for optical wireless (OW) communications and understanding and jointly optimizing the performance of the transmitter and receiver subsystems is a key part of this. At the transmitter a source of light, either a laser or a light-emitting diode, must be modulated with the communications signal. The resulting emission must be directed, using optics or steering systems, as required for the particular application, and must be within any safety levels set by relevant standards. The receiver is the most critical part of any optical link, as its design is a dominant factor in determining the received SNR, which determines the capacity and ultimately the utility of the link. A receiver must collect, filter and concentrate signal radiation, then detect and amplify the resulting electrical signal. This review surveys the state-of–the-art transmitter and receiver technologies. Details of design constraints are discussed, and potential future directions discussed. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Optical wireless communication’.

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Optical wireless APD receivers in 035 µm HV CMOS technology with large detection area

Cited by 10 publications

References 15 publications

VLC Using 800-μm Diameter APD Receiver Integrated in Standard 0.35-μm BiCMOS Technology

VLC Using 800-μm Diameter APD Receiver Integrated in Standard 0.35-μm BiCMOS Technology

Bit Error Performance of APD and SPAD Receivers in Optical Wireless Communication

Transmitter and receiver technologies for optical wireless

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