Optimal energy management in series hybrid electric bicycles

Abstract

Light electric vehicles are a viable way of reducing urban congestion and local pollutant emissions. Electric bicycles combine electrical and human power, hence they represent an appealing class of hybrid vehicles in such a context. Differently from other hybrid vehicles, the energy management of hybrid bicycles is little investigated in the literature. In this work, we study the problem for a series electric-human-powered hybrid architecture, in which there is no direct mechanical link between the pedals and the wheel. We tackle the problem using optimal control principles, aiming to minimize the perceived physical exertion while guaranteeing a predetermined electric range. We build on an approximated solution of the problem and propose a control system that copes with incomplete trip information. In a series of simulation and experimental tests, the proposed strategy approaches the acausal optimum and significantly improves performance if compared to a baseline causal policy; the discussion also encompasses the sensitivity of the results to the requested information

Control of connected and automated vehicles: State of the art and future challenges

“…The two goals are intertwined, especially in HEVs with small batteries: the battery charge needs to be dynamically controlled to full exploit recuperation. [171] uses a similar approach for a plug-in hybrid electric bicycle.…”

Are Personal Electric Vehicles Sustainable? A Hybrid E-Bike Case Study

“…Even if the design is simplified, its implementation is not that simple due the performance constraints discussed previously, which can become difficult to comply with. 288,000 4 -* E-cars and small e-scooters are excluded, ** according to estimations, 1 according to Reference [21] for Well-to-Wheel (WTW) analysis, 2 according to Reference [17] for test scenarios in Italy, 3 according to Reference [23] for the models used, lead losses are considered for a recycle rate from 100 to 90%, 4 according to Reference [37], 5 according to Reference [38], PKT is passenger occupancy-km-traveled, 6 according to Reference [18] for test scenarios in Switzerland, 7 according to Reference [39], 8 according to Reference [40], 9 according to Reference [25], 10 according to Reference [41]. * E-cars and small e-scooters are excluded, 1 according to reference [17] for test scenarios in Italy, 2 according to reference [23] for the models used, lead losses are considered for a recycle rate from 100 to 90%, 3 according to reference [33], 4 according to reference [39], 5 according to reference [25], 6 according to reference [41].…”

“…288,000 4 -* E-cars and small e-scooters are excluded, ** according to estimations, 1 according to Reference [21] for Well-to-Wheel (WTW) analysis, 2 according to Reference [17] for test scenarios in Italy, 3 according to Reference [23] for the models used, lead losses are considered for a recycle rate from 100 to 90%, 4 according to Reference [37], 5 according to Reference [38], PKT is passenger occupancy-km-traveled, 6 according to Reference [18] for test scenarios in Switzerland, 7 according to Reference [39], 8 according to Reference [40], 9 according to Reference [25], 10 according to Reference [41]. * E-cars and small e-scooters are excluded, 1 according to reference [17] for test scenarios in Italy, 2 according to reference [23] for the models used, lead losses are considered for a recycle rate from 100 to 90%, 3 according to reference [33], 4 according to reference [39], 5 according to reference [25], 6 according to reference [41]. Solid waste -0-1 2 0-1.5 2 0-0.17 2 * E-cars and small e-scooters are excluded, 1 according to reference [17] for test scenarios in Italy, 2 according to reference [23] for the models used, lead losses are considered for a recycle rate from 100 to 90%, 3 according to reference [33], 4 according to reference [39], 5 according to reference [25], 6 according to reference [41].…”

“…* E-cars and small e-scooters are excluded, 1 according to reference [17] for test scenarios in Italy, 2 according to reference [23] for the models used, lead losses are considered for a recycle rate from 100 to 90%, 3 according to reference [33], 4 according to reference [39], 5 according to reference [25], 6 according to reference [41]. Solid waste -0-1 2 0-1.5 2 0-0.17 2 * E-cars and small e-scooters are excluded, 1 according to reference [17] for test scenarios in Italy, 2 according to reference [23] for the models used, lead losses are considered for a recycle rate from 100 to 90%, 3 according to reference [33], 4 according to reference [39], 5 according to reference [25], 6 according to reference [41]. Starting from Figure 2, state the research question of this paper is whether it possible to provide an appropriate methodology for implementing a sustainable design of hybrid electric transportation systems in the context of current storage solutions (Li-ion batteries, SC, FC) [42] in order to increase Starting from Figure 2, state the research question of this paper is whether it possible to provide an appropriate methodology for implementing a sustainable design of hybrid electric transportation systems in the context of current storage solutions (Li-ion batteries, SC, FC) [42] in order to increase their autonomy, on one hand, and reduce the costs and impact on environment, on the other.…”

Real‐time cycling cadence estimation via wheel speed measurement

“…As such, they are attracting the attention not only of the industry (the market is posed to reach a value of 2 billion USD by 2050) but also of the scientific community. Researchers have focused mainly on 3 different directions, ie, (1) the study of the impact of EPAC's on the pedaling efficiency, [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] (2) the design of efficient actuation devices, [12][13][14][15][16][17][18] and (3) solving sensing issues as slope estimation 19 and pedaling torque measurement. [20][21][22]…”