Optimal flight initiation distance

Cooper, William E.; Frederick, William C.

doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2006.07.011

Cited by 345 publications

(305 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Various optimality models have been proposed to predict when an animal should flee a predator (Cooper and Frederick 2007). The most popular of these is an economic model that qualitatively predicts that prey should flee when the risk of predation is equivalent to the cost of escaping (Ydenberg and Dill 1986).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The most popular of these is an economic model that qualitatively predicts that prey should flee when the risk of predation is equivalent to the cost of escaping (Ydenberg and Dill 1986). In contrast, other optimality models predict that escape behaviour should be flexible and adjusted based on predator search speed and prey locomotor performance (Broom and Ruxton 2005;Cooper and Frederick 2007). The key difference between these models lies in the escape cost.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The key difference between these models lies in the escape cost. In the Ydenberg and Dill (1986) economic model, the escape cost is the lost opportunity associated with foraging and courtship, whereas in other optimality models, it is alerting the predator to the presence of the prey (Broom and Ruxton 2005;Cooper and Frederick 2007). The latter model best explains flight initiation distance in cryptic species because the likelihood of a predator detecting cryptic prey increases as it gets closer to the prey.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sex- and performance-based escape behaviour in an Asian agamid lizard, Phrynocephalus vlangalii

Noble

et al. 2014

Behav Ecol Sociobiol

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In lizards, males are predicted to sprint faster and run for longer than females by virtue of higher testosterone levels and differences in morphology. Consequently, escape behaviour is also predicted to be associated with sex and locomotor performance, yet these links have rarely been explored. Here, we tested whether escape behaviour is associated with locomotor performance in the toad-headed agama, Phrynocephalus vlangalii, and whether it is sex-dependent. This species is also characterized by elaborate tail displays, which we examined as a potential pursuit-deterrent signal. Tail waves were performed by a very small proportion (2/58, 3 %) of individuals during predatory trials, suggesting that tail signalling functions exclusively in a social context. To understand the relationships between sex, escape behaviour and performance, we first measured escape behaviour (flight initiation distance, flight distance-measured differently compared to previous studies of lizard escape behaviour, and refuge use) in the field before measuring maximal sprint speed and endurance on the same individuals in the laboratory. Flight initiation distance did not differ between the sexes and was unrelated to performance capacity (maximal endurance and sprint speed) but was positively related to body size with larger individuals fleeing earlier. Males fled farther than females, but flight distance was also unrelated to either endurance or sprint speed. Interestingly, faster females were less likely to enter a refuge than slower females, whereas sprint speed and the probability of taking refuge were unrelated for males. Our results suggest that when males and females are not obviously sexually dimorphic, they are more likely to overlap in escape tactics.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sex- and performance-based escape behaviour in an Asian agamid lizard, Phrynocephalus vlangalii

Noble

et al. 2014

Behav Ecol Sociobiol

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“…However, escape behaviour can be costly too, because by moving the prey may attract the predator, spend energy and lose resources and opportunities. Consequently, animals are supposed to escape when the fitness costs of staying exceed the costs of escaping (Ydenberg & Dill, 1986;Cooper & Frederick, 2007). For this reason, antipredator behaviour is very flexible given the variation in the actual costs-benefits relationships.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, not every individual is expected to optimize its escape strategy in the same way, both individual state and ecological context might alter the cost-benefit ratio (Cooper & Frederick, 2007). For example, relative conspicuity to predators of different individuals may affect the risk of being detected and this should affect escape decisions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Escape strategy of Schreiber’s green lizards (Lacerta schreiberi) is determined by environment but not season or sex

Kopena

Herczeg

López

et al. 2015

Behav

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Antipredator escape behaviour shows great variation with well-established sources of variation being the physical environment and the ecological context. However, the relative roles of these sources are rarely assessed together. We measured the distance that Schreiber's green lizards, Lacerta schreiberi allowed a simulated predator to approach before fleeing (flight initiation distance; FID) to know which are the main determinants of escape decisions. The environment had direct effects on the lizards' escape strategy; FID showed strong positive relationship with distance to refuge on grassy, but not on rocky substrates. Furthermore, refuge distance and the escape angle had a complex, substrateindependent, interaction effect: either short refuge distances or large escape angles resulted in short FIDs. In contrast, neither season (reproductive vs. nonreproductive), nor sex affected FID. We suggest that the escape strategy of this lizard is determined mainly by the environmental settings, irrespective of the ecological context or sexual roles.

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Frequent flight responses, but low escape distance of wild boar to nonlethal human disturbance

Wielgus,

Henrich,

Fiderer

et al. 2024

Ecol Sol and Evidence

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Human activities can affect the behaviour and fitness of wildlife. However, the response of animals to nonlethal human activities has not been well‐studied in wild boar, Sus scrofa, even though it is a widespread species in Europe and has become of increasing concern because of crop damages and its vector capacity for diseases. We study the behavioural responses of GPS‐collared wild boar to nonlethal experimental human approaches in the Bohemian Forest Ecosystem along the border between Germany and the Czech Republic. We describe and quantify the flight responses of the animals and assess whether they vary with the distance to recreational paths and the occurrence of hunting in the area. We show that wild boar were disturbed and displaced by human approaches on foot in 69% of the trials, but the average flight initiation and escape distances were relatively small (93 and 256 m, respectively). The probability of a flight response decreased with distance from the paths and increased with the ruggedness of the terrain. In the non‐hunting zone, the flight initiation distances and flight durations were shorter than in the hunting zone. Our results suggest a weak effect of nonlethal human disturbances on the movement of wild boar, although the animals were sensitive to the perceived risk in relation to recreation infrastructure and hunting. For the management of diseases such as African swine fever, it can be concluded that nonlethal disturbances are unlikely to accelerate the spread of the disease due to far‐distance movements. Guidelines for restrictions in case of an outbreak might be adjusted accordingly.

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Optimal flight initiation distance

Cited by 345 publications

References 21 publications

Sex- and performance-based escape behaviour in an Asian agamid lizard, Phrynocephalus vlangalii

Sex- and performance-based escape behaviour in an Asian agamid lizard, Phrynocephalus vlangalii

Escape strategy of Schreiber’s green lizards (Lacerta schreiberi) is determined by environment but not season or sex

Frequent flight responses, but low escape distance of wild boar to nonlethal human disturbance

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