“…In what follows, we refer to η t as a spread shock. 10 Outside of steady state, there may be shocks that put a premium on one bond or the other, arising from flights to safety or liquidity, for example. This type of spread shock is used in a closed-economy context by Smets and Wouters (2007), Christiano, Eichenbaum, and Trabandt (2014), Fisher (2015) and Gust, et al, (2016).…”