Optimal nitrogen fertilization of boreal conifer forest

Pukkala, Timo

doi:10.1186/s40663-017-0090-2

Cited by 30 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Middle-aged stands with good volume increment usually give the best growth response to fertilization (Gustavsen and Lipas 1975). The greatest economic benefits from N fertilization have been obtained in stands where the value increment of trees (transition from pulpwood to saw logs) is considerable (Laakkonen 1994;Pukkala 2017a). Other fertilizers, like wood ash, phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) are used especially on N-rich drained boreal peatlands (e.g., Nilsen 2001;Moilanen et al 2005;Hökkä et al 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scenario analyses on the effects of fertilization, improved regeneration material, and ditch network maintenance on timber production of Finnish forests

et al. 2017

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We used national scenario analyses to examine the effects of fertilization, use of improved regeneration material and ditch network maintenance (DNM), both separately and simultaneously, on timber production of Finnish forests under the current climate. We also analyzed how the area of artificial regeneration, forest fertilization, and DNM developed in different management and harvesting intensity scenarios. The initial data were obtained from the 11 th National Forest Inventory of Finland, excluding protected forests. Four sets of evenflow harvesting scenarios with annual timber harvest targets of 60, 70, 80, and 90 million m 3 were developed for 90-year simulation period. Use of improved material in artificial forest regeneration was assumed to result in 10% higher diameter and height increment compared to naturally regenerated seedlings. Sub-xeric pine-dominated and mesic spruce-dominated sites were fertilized, and 40% of drained peatlands were maintenance ditched when they fulfilled a set of predetermined criteria for temperature sum, stand basal area and mean tree diameter. As a result, when fertilization, improved regeneration material, and DNM were all used, the mean annual volume increment over the 90-year simulation period increased by 3.4-5.4 million m 3 depending on harvesting intensity. The maximum sustainable harvest of timber would be almost 80 million m 3 yr-1. The simulated fertilization area was about four times larger than the presently fertilized area and the simulated DNM area was about the same as the current. Fertilization gave the largest additional 90-year volume increment and the DNM the smallest when they were used separately. The use of improved regeneration material gave the largest additional volume increment in southern Finland and fertilization in central and northern Finland.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scenario analyses on the effects of fertilization, improved regeneration material, and ditch network maintenance on timber production of Finnish forests

et al. 2017

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“…One opportunity obviously would be fertilization. Fertilization increases growth of coniferous boreal forests [34,35], but it is economically profitable in the case of stands where most of the additional growth rapidly increases sawlog yield. Let us first write the expected value of commercial stand volume per hectare…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two Sets of Initial Conditions on Boreal Forest Carbon Storage Economics

Kärenlampi¹

2021

Preprint

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Two sets of initial conditions are used in the investigation of capital return rate and carbon storage in boreal forests. Firstly, a growth model is applied in young stands as early as the inventory-based model is applicable. Secondly, the growth model is applied to observed wooded stands. Four sets of thinning schedules are investigated in either case. First, the capital return rate is aspired without any restriction. Second, the number of thinnings is restricted to at most one. Third, thinnings are restricted to the removal of only trees thicker than 237 mm. Fourth, commercial thinnings are omitted. The two sets of initial conditions yield similar results. The capital return rate is a weak function of rotation age, which results in variability in the optimal number of thinnings. Reducing the number of thinnings to one increases timber stock but induces a capital return rate deficiency. The deficiency per excess volume unit is smaller if the severity of any thinning is restricted by the removal of large trees only. Omission of thinnings best applies to spruce-dominated stands with stem count less than 2000/ha. Restricted thinning intensity applies to deciduous stands and dense pine stands. The albedo effect increases the benefits of restricted thinnings and increased clearcuttings instead of contradicting the carbon storage.

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“…Under the condition of the same site index, the slope direction of the test site is the same, the terrain difference is small, and the trees are arranged at the same height. e young forest and the middle-aged forest test area are, respectively, set in the forest stands with appropriate site index, and the area of each test site is 1 hm 2 .…”

Section: Test Area Overview and Plot Settingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the process of forestry production, it is fundamentally required to calculate the amount of fertilizer, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizer, for different forest species and different soil conditions [1]. Cunninghamia lanceolata enjoys the characteristics of fast growth, wide application, high economic value, and easy reproduction [2]. Cunninghamia lanceolata is dependent on fertilizer and humidity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Prediction Model of Forest Preliminary Precision Fertilization Based on Improved GRA-PSO-BP Neural Network

Chen

Dian

2020

Mathematical Problems in Engineering

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The optimal amount of fertilizer application which was needed by the trees and the factors that influence the fertilization have an intricated nonlinear relationship. According to the problems that the traditional fertilization prediction model has, such as lacking of the scalability and practicality, this paper initiates an accurate fertilization prediction model that was based on the GRA-PSO-BP neural network which can make the accurate fertilization come true and improve the economic benefits of forest industry. This paper uses the GRA method to determine the input of the neural network as the site index and make the forest age, nutrient content of the advantage trees, biomass of the advantage trees, biomass of average trees, and target yield as the output numbers of the Actual amount of fertilizer applied. During the calculation process, the global particle swarm optimization algorithm is used to optimize the initial numbers and threshold numbers of BP neural network which build a phased GRA-PSO-BP accurate fertilization model. Compared with the prediction algorithm of full input variate that is based on the single BP neural network and the prediction algorithm of full input variate that is based on PSO-BP Neural Network, the GRA method can determine the key factors that influence the amount of fertilizer applied in different forest areas and modify the prediction model to improve the scalability and accuracy of the prediction and finally achieve the precision fertilization as the data of different forests updated, so we can see that the prediction result of this paper is more accurate. The result demonstrates that the GRA-PSO-BP neural network Segment fertilization model is more accurate than the traditional BP neural network and BP Neural Network that was optimized by the PSO algorithm, and specifically, the error of the predicted amount of fertilizer application and the actual amount of fertilizer application is less than 5%, which can effectively guide the fertilization in stages.

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Optimal nitrogen fertilization of boreal conifer forest

Cited by 30 publications

References 25 publications

Scenario analyses on the effects of fertilization, improved regeneration material, and ditch network maintenance on timber production of Finnish forests

Scenario analyses on the effects of fertilization, improved regeneration material, and ditch network maintenance on timber production of Finnish forests

Two Sets of Initial Conditions on Boreal Forest Carbon Storage Economics

A Prediction Model of Forest Preliminary Precision Fertilization Based on Improved GRA-PSO-BP Neural Network

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