Optimal Operation of Grid-Tied Energy Storage Systems Considering Detailed Device-Level Battery Models

A Review of Lithium-Ion Battery Models in Techno-economic Analyses of Power Systems

“…The interest to the models that describe the dynamics of the processes inside the battery has increased recently (Figure 2). All the papers in power system economic studies employing either the Voltage-Current Model or the Concentration-Current Model were published in the last three years [57,13,19,11,20,63]. This can be linked with the appearance of the experimental data to benchmark the results of the "optimal" schedule [13,11].…”

“…All the papers in power system economic studies employing either the Voltage-Current Model or the Concentration-Current Model were published in the last three years [57,13,19,11,20,63]. This can be linked with the appearance of the experimental data to benchmark the results of the "optimal" schedule [13,11]. Nonetheless, the Voltage-Current Model and the Concentration-Current Model are computationally expensive because of the number of constraints [20] and a need for more time steps to improve stability [57].…”

“…The model presented above is discussed in more detail in [24] and was used in the optimization framework by [57]. In contrast, Taylor et al [11] used a simpler electric circuit composed of the voltage source and a resistor in their work to derive a strategic operation of BESS. Other electric circuits that can be used in optimization frameworks can be taken from [55].…”

“…However, short-term operation and long-term planning for the individual storage owner will benefit from detailed models of BESS [8,9]. For example, when a lithium-ion battery storage is used to provide multiple services for the electrical grid for better asset utilization and economic benefits for the owner [10], the optimal market participation calculated using a simplistic model may lead to the execution of infeasible operations and an erroneous estimate of economic benefits [11]. This occurs because a simple battery model can not reflect the physical processes inside a lithium-ion cell, which is the main component of BESS.…”

“…The linkage of these timescales will likely be inaccurate if a simple black-box model is used since it operates with power in MW over an hour time interval. The scarce experimental data supports the importance to consider more detailed models for operation [8,11] as well as for the long-term performance [13].…”