Optimal Operation of Microgrids Comprising Large Building Prosumers and Plug-in Electric Vehicles Integrated into Active Distribution Networks

Abstract

Active distribution networks and microgrids will be powerful tools for future power systems in their endeavor to integrate more renewable energy sources, increase distributed generation and optimize their operation. In this paper, a method for the coordinated optimal operation scheduling of active distribution networks that are hosting complex microgrids comprising large building prosumers and plug-in electric vehicle aggregators is proposed. The electrical and thermal power systems of the microgrid are modelled in detail while the examined active distribution network is assumed to be able to optimally shift part of its loads in time and comprises renewable energy sources as part of its local generation. Moreover, the microgrid is assumed to be able to shift part of its load in order to assist the active distribution network in order to satisfy all of the network constraints when this is required. The proposed method was developed in such a way that allows both the microgrid and the active distribution network to optimize their operations without exchanging the internal information comprising their technical characteristics and parameters. To this end, the method is organized into five levels wherein only the absolutely necessary information is exchanged, i.e., the power that is exchanged by the microgrid and the active distribution network and the time periods in which the network constraints are violated.

Energy and power management system for microgrids of large‐scale building prosumers

“…A thermal model for the HVAC system of each building thermal zone is constructed according to the equations shown below [27,28]:…”

“…It is derived using predictions of PEVs' plug-in and dwell times, charge levels at plug-in time, and battery technical specifications as described in Ref. [28,30]. Equations ( 28)-( 31) are used to estimate the time-varying maximum and minimum limits of the power and store energy of the equivalent battery.…”

“…A thermal model for the HVAC system of each building thermal zone is constructed according to the equations shown below [27, 28]: $$$p\cdot {C}_{z}\cdot {V}_{z}\cdot \frac{d{T}_{in,z}}{dt}={\dot{Q}}_{ex,wall,z}+{\dot{Q}}_{in,wall,z}+{\dot{Q}}_{win,z}+{Q}_{in,z}+{\dot{Q}}_{sw,z}+{\dot{Q}}_{sg,z}-{Q}_{EC,z}$$$ With, $$${\dot{Q}}_{ex,wall,z}=\sum\limits _{y\in \mathcal{E}}{U}_{wall,y}\cdot {F}_{wall,y}\cdot \left({T}_{out}-{T}_{in,z}\right)$$$ $$${\dot{Q}}_{win,z}=\sum\limits _{y\in \mathcal{E}}{U}_{win,y}\cdot {F}_{win,y}\cdot \left({T}_{out}-{T}_{in,z}\right)$$$ …”

Modular SEPIC-Based Isolated dc–dc Converter with Reduced Voltage Stresses across the Semiconductors

“…By substituting (10) in (11) and carrying out mathematical operations, the static gain of the proposed converter is found, which is given by…”

“…Studies that relate the viability of a dc system and voltage levels have been reported in [8,9]. Among the various voltage and power levels of a microgrid, there are commercial and residential applications, which include low power loads [9][10][11].…”