“…Recently, many metaheuristic optimization algorithms such as particle swarm optimization (PSO) [83], ant colony optimization (ACO) [84], shuffled frog leaping (SFL) [85], differential evolution (DE) [86], biogeography-based optimization (BBO) [87], gravitational search algorithm (GSA) [88], firefly algorithm (FA) [89], teaching-learning-based optimization (TLBO) [90], grey wolf optimizer (GWO) [91], ant lion optimizer (ALO) [92], moth-flame optimization (MFO) [93], crow search algorithm (CSA) [94], salp swarm algorithm (SSA) [95], Levy spiral flight equilibrium optimizer (LSFEO) [96], and jellyfish search optimizer (JS) [97], have been applied as significant problem solvers to cope with the weaknesses of the traditional algorithms in solving the OPF problem benchmarks. Moreover, many researchers applied metaheuristic algorithms to solve real power systems [98,99].…”