Optimal Scaling of Critical Size for Metamorphosis in the Genus Drosophila

Hironaka, Ken-ichi; Fujimoto, Koichi; Nishimura, Takashi

doi:10.1016/j.isci.2019.09.033

Cited by 18 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…This allows the animal to speed up development into adulthood under low-nutrition conditions that prevent further growth, once it has passed CW and therefore has sufficient energy to survive through the nonfeeding metamorphic stage. The underlying mechanism is not known, but it may be associated with a switch in energy allocation controlled by the CW checkpoint (Hironaka et al 2019).…”

Section: Developmental and Nutritional Checkpointsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulation of Body Size and Growth Control

Texada¹,

Kaburagi²,

Rewitz³

2020

Genetics

130

146

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The control of body and organ growth is essential for the development of adults with proper size and proportions, which is important for survival and reproduction. In animals, adult body size is determined by the rate and duration of juvenile growth, which are influenced by the environment. In nutrient-scarce environments in which more time is needed for growth, the juvenile growth period can be extended by delaying maturation, whereas juvenile development is rapidly completed in nutrient-rich conditions. This flexibility requires the integration of environmental cues with developmental signals that govern internal checkpoints to ensure that maturation does not begin until sufficient tissue growth has occurred to reach a proper adult size. The Target of Rapamycin (TOR) pathway is the primary cell-autonomous nutrient sensor, while circulating hormones such as steroids and insulin-like growth factors are the main systemic regulators of growth and maturation in animals. We discuss recent findings in Drosophila melanogaster showing that cell-autonomous environment and growth-sensing mechanisms, involving TOR and other growth-regulatory pathways, that converge on insulin and steroid relay centers are responsible for adjusting systemic growth, and development, in response to external and internal conditions. In addition to this, proper organ growth is also monitored and coordinated with whole-body growth and the timing of maturation through modulation of steroid signaling. This coordination involves interorgan communication mediated by Drosophila insulin-like peptide 8 in response to tissue growth status. Together, these multiple nutritional and developmental cues feed into neuroendocrine hubs controlling insulin and steroid signaling, serving as checkpoints at which developmental progression toward maturation can be delayed. This review focuses on these mechanisms by which external and internal conditions can modulate developmental growth and ensure proper adult body size, and highlights the conserved architecture of this system, which has made Drosophila a prime model for understanding the coordination of growth and maturation in animals.

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Section: Developmental and Nutritional Checkpointsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulation of Body Size and Growth Control

Texada¹,

Kaburagi²,

Rewitz³

2020

Genetics

130

146

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In contrast, it does help elucidate the associations between developmental stages and the genetic and environmental factors affecting them. Recent studies reported the use of video cameras to measure developmental timing ( Hironaka et al, 2019 ). However, this method is labor-intensive, requires long analytical periods, and is unsuitable for high-throughput analysis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Drosophila Individual Activity Monitoring and Detection System (DIAMonDS)

Seong

Matsumura

Shimada-Niwa

et al. 2020

eLife

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Here, we have developed DIAMonDS (Drosophila Individual Activity Monitoring and Detection System) comprising time-lapse imaging by a charge-coupled device (CCD) flatbed scanner and Sapphire, a novel algorithm and web application. DIAMonDS automatically and sequentially identified the transition time points of multiple life cycle events such as pupariation, eclosion, and death in individual flies at high temporal resolution and on a large scale. DIAMonDS performed simultaneous multiple scans to measure individual deaths (≤1152 flies per scanner) and pupariation and eclosion timings (≤288 flies per scanner) under various chemical exposures, environmental conditions, and genetic backgrounds. DIAMonDS correctly identified 74–85% of the pupariation and eclosion events and ~ 92% of the death events within ± 10 scanning frames. This system is a powerful tool for studying the influences of genetic and environmental factors on fruit flies and efficient, high-throughput genetic and chemical screening in drug discovery.

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“…Here, we show that populations under selection for faster pre-adult development and late reproduction (FLJs) have evolved significantly smaller critical size ( figure 2 a ) along with significant reduction in developmental duration supporting the Prasad et al [ 24 ] hypothesis that direct selection for faster pre-adult development results in smaller adult body size via reduction in development duration [ 23 ] and smaller critical size. Hironaka et al [ 18 ] using nine Drosophila species showed that variation in organism size can solely be explained by species-specific critical size. Drosophila melanogaster inhabits ephemeral environment where nutritional conditions are deteriorating continuously and thus is under constant pressure of faster development.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of reduced minimum critical size as a response to selection for rapid pre-adult development inDrosophila melanogaster

2020

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Adult body size in holometabolus insects is directly proportional to the time spent during the larval period. The larval duration can be divided into two parts: (i) pre-critical duration—time required to attain a critical size/critical weight that would result in successful completion of development and metamorphosis even under non-availability of nutrition beyond the time of attainment of critical size, and (ii) post-critical duration—the time duration from the attainment of critical size till pupation. It is of interest to decipher the relative contribution of the two larval growth phases (from the hatching of the egg to the attainment of critical size, and from the attainment of critical size to pupation) to the final adult size. Many studies using Drosophila melanogaster have shown that selecting populations for faster development results in the emergence of small adults. Some of these studies have indirectly reported the evolution of smaller critical size. Using two kinds of D. melanogaster populations, one of which is selected for faster/accelerated pre-adult development and the other their ancestral control, we demonstrate that the final adult size is determined by the time spent as larvae post the attainment of critical size despite having increased growth rate during the second larval instar. Our populations under selection for faster pre-adult development are exhibiting adaptive bailout due to intrinsic food limitation as against extrinsic food limitation in the yellow dung fly.

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Optimal Scaling of Critical Size for Metamorphosis in the Genus Drosophila

Cited by 18 publications

References 43 publications

Regulation of Body Size and Growth Control

Regulation of Body Size and Growth Control

The Drosophila Individual Activity Monitoring and Detection System (DIAMonDS)

Evolution of reduced minimum critical size as a response to selection for rapid pre-adult development inDrosophila melanogaster

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