Optimal Siting and Sizing of UPFC Control Settings in Grid Integrated Wind Energy Conversion Systems

Abstract

The depletion of fossil fuel reserves, emission of greenhouse gases and the uneven distribution of existing reserves led the countries to look for sustainable alternatives, especially wind power. In India mostly Squirrel cage induction generators (SCIG) are used for extracting energy from the wind. Induction generators inject real power to the grid and absorb reactive power from grid. Normally, fixed capacitors of rating equal to no-load compensation are installed at the wind-turbine. Reactive power absorbed by the SCIG over and above the no-lad compensation is dependent on the operating condition. To compensate for the reactive power (over and above the no-load compensation) dynamic VAR compensator can be installed at the point of common coupling. When the wind-farm is connected to a weak grid there may be a problem with wind penetration into the grid. UPFC (a versatile FACTS controller) will be able to alleviate the problems associated with fixed speed wind-farms that are connected to a weak grid. In this paper finding the location and capacity of the UPFC for minimisation of power generation cost is posed as a non-linear optimization problem. An efficient Primal-Dual Interior Point algorithm in conjunction with second order sensitivity analysis is made use for solving the above problem. The optimal line placement for wind penetration in terms of marginal values of UPFC variables are identified using first order sensitivity analysis. Second order sensitivity analysis has been employed to identify the optimal line placement for highest cost savings. Further actual cost savings and optimal control settings of UPFC are evaluated by actually placing UPFC in each line. The proposed approach is tested on a sample 9-bus system using the program developed in Matlab and the results are encouraging. The results indicate that the estimation of optimal placement of UPFC for a large system is possible reducing the computation time involved.

Optimal siting and sizing of UPFC using evolutionary algorithms

“…Simulations are performed on Pentium core duo processor based PC operating @ 2 GHz with 2 GB RAM. For comparison purposes, the results obtained with sensitivity analysis, interior point method, PDIP, and PSO algorithms [23,27,2,21] are considered.…”

“…Recently, PDIP algorithm has been employed to identify the promising locations of UPFC based on marginal values of cost in wind integrated conversion systems with transformer model [2]. However, this technique has severe limitations (i) need of continuous and differential objective functions (ii) easy convergence to local minima (iii) difficulty in handling discrete variables.…”

Óptima parametrización del modelo estacionario y dinámico del sistema de transmisión flexible UPFC usando técnicas heurísticas / Parametrização ótima do modelo estacionário e dinâmico do sistema de transmissão flexível UPFC usando técnicas heurísticas

“…En estado estacionario, se busca reducir las pérdidas de potencia activa total de la red por medio de modificar los voltajes controlados por el UPFC, asegurando que la carga de las líneas de transmisión y el voltaje de las barras estén dentro de límites adecuados [25]. La función objetivo para estado estacionario toma la forma de:…”

Research on modelling and solution of stochastic SCUC under AC power flow constraints

“…To analyse the effect of the wind farm integration, the DC-SCUC model is adopted to optimise the calculation of the system, which is connected with or without the wind power. Furthermore, the 1-3,7,12,14,16,18,22,31,36,39,41,46,49,50,54 000000000000000000000000 [4][5][6][8][9][10][11]13,15,17,[19][20][21]23,[25][26][27][28][29][30]32,35,37,38,40,[42][43][44][45]48,51,53 111111111111111111111111 ACPF-based constraints are utilised to check the results, as shown in Table 5. In Table 5, the total cost of the system is reduced after the wind power integration.…”

“…However, it will bring in serious reactive power problems while the level of wind power integration grows higher [15]. For example, the asynchronous wind turbine without excitation device can absorb reactive power from the grid in the process of integration, start-up, and operation [16,17]. Reactive power compensation devices are usually configured at the injection point.…”