Optimization and kinetics of glucose production via enzymatic hydrolysis of mixed peels

Ulmus davidiana var. japonica Extracts Suppress Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Apoptosis Through Intracellular Calcium Modulation in U937 Macrophages

“…Lipopolysaccharide is a major virulence factor, and previous studies have demonstrated that LPS induces apoptosis in the murine macrophage-like cell line J744.1 (Suzuki et al, 2008;Ude et al, 2020), but not in humans. In this study, we emphasized the important role of the nuclear apoptotic pathway leading to Bax and PARP activation in LPS-induced apoptosis of human macrophages, U937 cells, and suggested that catechinglycoside is a good candidate for amelioration of inflammatory disorders.…”

Optimization of Enzymatic Saccharification of Lipid-Extracted Sewage Sludge for Bioethanol Production

“…Experimental data presented in Table 3 indicate that sugar yield increased from 16.4 to 75.5% as enzyme loading increased from 500 to 1000 μL at intermediate temperatures and reaction times (45 o C and 40 h), but decreased to 55.7% when the enzyme loading was further increased to 1500 μL. Beyond a certain point, increased enzyme loading was found to have a minimal or negative impact on sugar yield due to the following factors: a decrease in the extent of the adsorbed enzyme; transformation of the cellulose structure into a less digestible form; the inhibition of enzyme activity due to the accumulation of hydrolysis products [11,14,23]. With respect to temperature, sugar yield increased from 26.9 to 75.5% by increasing the reaction temperature from 30 to 50 o C, while decreasing to 51.1% with an additional increase from 50 to 60 o C, which could be explained by the loss of enzyme activity due to thermal deactivation [16,17,23,24].…”

“…Viscozyme and Celluclast have been extensively used for biomass saccharification [10][11][12][13], while also being employed for enzymatic saccharification of LESS to obtain sugars for bioethanol production. One gram of LESS was added to a 100 mL flask containing 50 mL of 0.1 M sodium citrate buffer (pH 4.8).…”

“…The loading of enzyme biocatalysts on a substrate (in this case, LESS) represents one of the most important factors influencing saccharification yield; a high enzyme loading generally results in a high yield [21][22][23]. Since the enzyme is composed of proteins, there is an optimum temperature that corresponds to the highest saccharification yield; however, the enzyme can undergo thermal denaturation above this optimum temperature [11,13,16,23]. The interrelated impact on sugar yield of enzyme loading and reaction temperature were investigated in the ranges of: enzyme loading from 500 to 1500 µL; reaction temperatures from 30-60 o C. Fig.…”

“…Dilute acid treatment has been widely utilized for sugar extraction from sustainable biomass, including lignocellulosic materials, macroalgae, microalgae, agricultural waste, and paper sludge [6][7][8][9][10]. Enzymatic saccharification is a promising alternative technology for sugar extraction from biomass [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. In particular, commercial enzymes such as Viscozyme ® L (Viscozyme below), Celluclast ® 1.5 L (Celluclast below), and their mixtures have been widely used for enzymatic saccharification of various biomass materials [12][13][14][15][16][17][18].…”