Optimization of a New Antioxidant Formulation Using a Simplex Lattice Mixture Design of Apium graveolens L., Coriandrum sativum L., and Petroselinum crispum M. Grown in Northern Morocco

Abstract

A statistical Simplex Lattice Mixture design was applied to develop a new formulation based on a combination of three plants grown in northern Morocco: Apium graveolens L., Coriandrum sativum L., and Petroselinum crispum M. We examined the extraction yield, total polyphenol content (TPC), 2′2-diphenyl-l-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). The results of this screening study showed that C. sativum L. had the highest content of DPPH (53.22%) and TAC (37.46 ± 0.29 mg Eq AA/g DW) compared to the other two plants, while P. crispum M. showed the highest TPC (18.52 ± 0.32 mg Eq GA/g DW). Furthermore, the ANOVA analysis of the mixture design showed that all three responses (DPPH, TAC, and TPC) were statistically significant, with determination coefficients of 97%, 93%, and 91%, respectively, and fit the cubic model. Moreover, the diagnostic plots showed good correlation between the experimental and predicted values. Therefore, the best combination obtained under optimal conditions (P1 = 0.611, P2 = 0.289, P3 = 0.100) was characterized by DPPH, TAC, and TPC of 56.21%, 72.74 mg Eq AA/g DW, and 21.98 mg Eq GA/g DW, respectively. The results of this study reinforce the view of stimulating the effect of plant combinations to achieve better antioxidant activities, thus providing a better formulation using designs of mixtures for the food industry and in cosmetic and pharmaceutical applications. Moreover, our findings support the traditional use of the Apiaceae plant species in managing many disorders cited in the Moroccan pharmacopeia.

Comprehensive analysis of different solvent extracts of Ferula communis L. fruit reveals phenolic compounds and their biological properties via in vitro and in silico assays

“…This genuine variety is characterized by the synthesis of numerous hydroxycoumarins, including ferulenol 9 . Recent studies highlight the potential of isolated compounds from this genus as chemopreventive agents and in overcoming resistance to anticancer drugs 8 , 10 .…”

Design of three-component essential oil extract mixture from Cymbopogon flexuosus, Carum carvi, and Acorus calamus with enhanced antioxidant activity

“…4 illustrate the optimal combination of the three EO extracts, namely C. flexuosus , C. carvi and A. calamus that maximize both responses (DPPH IC50 and ABTS IC50 ). This graph demonstrated the relationship between the responses and the proportions of each antioxidant agent 34 , 57 . It is produced by the Design-Expert software based on iso-responses curves, which are perfectly suited for examining the ideal conditions to achieve the best response values.…”

“…In this context, the combined effects of Petroselinum crispum (Mill. ), Coriandrum sativum L., and Apium graveolens L. EOs were also optimized using the Simplex Lattice Mixture design 57 .…”

Petroselinum crispum L., essential oil as promising source of bioactive compounds, antioxidant, antimicrobial activities: In vitro and in silico predictions

“…Colorimetric methods commonly employed to evaluate the antioxidant activity of various constituents present in plants, foods, beverages, or natural extracts include the DPPH and ABTS assays, which assess free radical scavenging activity. These assays operate on the principle of chemical radical reduction in the presence of antioxidant agents that donate hydrogen [ 22 ]. The stability and commercial availability of the DPPH radical have contributed significantly to the recognition of these methods as legitimate, simple, rapid, accurate, reliable, and cost-effective approaches for assessing the free radical scavenging potential of natural antioxidants [ 38 ].…”

“…As a mean of three triplicate measurements ± standard deviation (SD), the results were reported in milligrams of ascorbic acid equivalent (mg AAE) per gram of Eo (mg AAE/g Eo). Quercetin and BHT were employed as standards in this analysis [ 22 ].…”