“…In the last few decades, several algorithm have been used to determine collision-free paths, and some of the most common are as follows: (a) sampling-based planning algorithms such as rapidly random trees (RRT) [ 16 ], probabilistic roadmap (PRM) [ 1 , 17 ], and the variants of each of them [ 16 ]; (b) graph-based algorithms such as visibility graph [ 18 ] and A* [ 19 ]; (c) heuristic-based algorithms such as ant colony [ 20 ] and genetic-based [ 3 ]; (d) deterministic-based methods, which include artificial potential fields (APFs) [ 21 ] and the homotopy-based path-planning method (HPPM) [ 22 , 23 , 24 ]. These algorithms and methods have been applied in mobile terrestrial robots, UAVs, car-like vehicles, and robotic manipulators [ 1 , 16 , 17 , 20 , 23 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 ]. However, these algorithms and methods still have several drawbacks such as falling into local minima, high computational cost, or long times to obtain a solution path, and some of these do not guarantee a solution path.…”