Optimization of Bragg reflectors in AlGaAs/GaAs VCSELs

Passaro, Vittorio M. N.; Magno, F.; Leonardis, Francesco De

doi:10.1002/lapl.200410179

Cited by 12 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The table gives as examples of 2D-and 3D-confined devices a subµm 2 silicon photonic-phononic waveguide [14] and a sub-µm 3 silicon optomechanical crystal [15]. The depicted 0D-and 1D-confined structures are a long Fabry-Pérot cavity, a verticalcavity surface-emitting laser [16] for the optical case and a thick quartz [17] and a thin aluminum nitride BAW resonator [18] for the mechanical case.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Controlling phonons and photons at the wavelength scale: integrated photonics meets integrated phononics

Safavi-Naeini

Thourhout

Baets

et al. 2019

Optica

185

167

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Radio-frequency communication systems have long used bulk-and surface-acoustic-wave devices supporting ultrasonic mechanical waves to manipulate and sense signals. These devices have greatly improved our ability to process microwaves by interfacing them to orders-ofmagnitude slower and lower loss mechanical fields. In parallel, long-distance communications have been dominated by low-loss infrared optical photons. As electrical signal processing and transmission approaches physical limits imposed by energy dissipation, optical links are now being actively considered for mobile and cloud technologies. Thus there is a strong driver for wavelength-scale mechanical wave or "phononic" circuitry fabricated by scalable semiconductor processes. With the advent of these circuits, new micro-and nanostructures that combine electrical, optical and mechanical elements have emerged. In these devices, such as optomechanical waveguides and resonators, optical photons and gigahertz phonons are ideally matched to one another as both have wavelengths on the order of micrometers. The development of phononic circuits has thus emerged as a vibrant field of research pursued for optical signal processing and sensing applications as well as emerging quantum technologies. In this review, we discuss the key physics and figures of merit underpinning this field. We also summarize the state of the art in nanoscale electro-and optomechanical systems with a focus on scalable platforms such as silicon. Finally, we give perspectives on what these new systems may bring and what challenges they face in the coming years. In particular, we believe hybrid electro-and optomechanical devices incorporating highly coherent and compact mechanical elements on a chip have significant untapped potential for electro-optic modulation, quantum microwave-tooptical photon conversion, sensing and microwave signal processing.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Controlling phonons and photons at the wavelength scale: integrated photonics meets integrated phononics

Safavi-Naeini

Thourhout

Baets

et al. 2019

Optica

185

167

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Single-mode (SM) vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) [1][2][3] have attracted much attention in the past decades, because SM VCSELs are usually demanded for a number of applications, including high-speed laser printing, free-space optical interconnects, and long-wavelength telecommunications. Oxide-confined VCSELs [4,5] have the advantages of low power consumption, high frequency response, high uniformity, and high reliability.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Single-mode holey vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser with ultra-narrow beam divergence

Liu

Chen

et al. 2010

Laser Phys. Lett.

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We demonstrated oxide-confined 850-nm verticalcavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) with a two-dimensional petal-shaped holey structure composed of several annular-sectorshaped holes. Four types of devices with different hole numbers were designed and fabricated. The measured results showed that the larger hole number was beneficial to purifying the lasing mode, and realizing the single-mode operation. The side mode suppression ratio (SMSR) exceeded 30 dB throughout the entire drive current. Mode selective loss mechanism was used to explain the single-mode characteristic. The single-mode devices possessed good beam profiles, and the lowest divergence angle was as narrow as 3.2• (full width at half maximum), attributed to the graded index profile and the shallow etching in the top distributed Bragg reflector (DBR).

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“…The carrier transport is described based on the classic drift-diffusion model [20]. The reflection characteristics of DBRs and the longitudinal optical confinement factor are calculated and optimized using a one-dimensional transfer matrix method [21]. Basic parameters used in the simulation are taken from [22].…”

Section: Basic Vcsel Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design and analysis of high-temperature operating 795 nm VCSELs for chip-scale atomic clocks

Zhang¹,

Zeng²,

Zhang³

et al. 2013

Laser Phys. Lett.

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We propose a new structure design and analysis of high-temperature (>350 K) operating 795 nm vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) for 87 Rb based chip-scale atomic clocks (CSACs). Compositions and thicknesses of the InAlGaAs/AlGaAs multiple quantum wells (MQWs) are optimized for high optical gain at elevated temperatures. The temperature sensitivity of the threshold current is estimated by calculating the temperature dependence of the cavity-mode gain. A self-consistent VCSEL model based on quasi-3D finite element analysis is employed to investigate the temperature distribution and output of the proposed structure. An output of 1 mW with a 3 dB bandwidth of 6 GHz is obtained from a 3 µm aperture VCSEL under 2.4 mA current at temperature higher than 340 K. These findings indicate that high-gain QWs and gain-offset consideration are especially crucial to make high-performance VCSELs at elevated temperatures.

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Optimization of Bragg reflectors in AlGaAs/GaAs VCSELs

Cited by 12 publications

References 12 publications

Controlling phonons and photons at the wavelength scale: integrated photonics meets integrated phononics

Controlling phonons and photons at the wavelength scale: integrated photonics meets integrated phononics

Single-mode holey vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser with ultra-narrow beam divergence

Design and analysis of high-temperature operating 795 nm VCSELs for chip-scale atomic clocks

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