“…On the one hand, nonthermal EOR methods constitute nearly 33% of the EOR projects worldwide and primarily stem from the principles of chemical-enhanced oil recovery (cEOR), originally developed for conventional oil reservoirs . Among the spectrum of nonthermal EOR approaches, chemical flooding holds prominence, including the utilization of surfactants (e.g., closed-cycle oil recovery, C–COR), polymers, alkaline, or a blend thereof, i.e., alkali–cosolvent–polymer (ACP) or alkali–surfactant–polymer (ASP). , Additionally, nonthermal methods involve the injection of miscible and immiscible gases, encompassing the use of CO 2 and N 2 for both immiscible and miscible flooding scenarios. , Comparatively, thermal EOR which accounts for more than 50% of the worldwide EOR projects, harnesses thermal energy to elevate the reservoir temperature, thereby encompassing a spectrum of remarkable physicochemical effects, including the simultaneous reduction of oil viscosity, interfacial tension, and increased API gravity . Moreover, these processes stimulate chemical transformations such as cracking, dehydrogenation, oxidation, and other reactive modifications that facilitate the seamless flow of oil toward the production well.…”